A novel method of shrimp blanching by CO2 heat pump: Quality,energy, and economy analysis

To reduce the energy consumption of the shrimp blanching process and improve the economic value of the blanched product, a transcritical CO₂ heat pump blanching system (THPB system) was designed in this paper. The trends of astaxanthin were investigated at atmospheric pressure near boiling temperature, combined with the color and structural properties of shrimp samples, and the optimal blanching times of 270 s and 240 s were obtained at 90°C and 95°C, respectively. In contrast to the fuel blanching system (FB system) at 100°C, the annual standard coal consumption of the THPB system with 90°C blanching is decreased by 79%, and the annual operating cost can be saved by CNY 63,800, with a payback period of about 3.13 years.Industrial relevanceBlanching is one of the effective ways to prolong the shelf life of shrimp. However, the research on the blanching time and temperature of shrimp is not comprehensive. In addition, the traditional fuel blanching process has high energy consumption and pollution, and can no longer meet the quality requirements of the modern food processing industry. Heat pump has been shown to have better performance in food drying, but it is less used in blanching. The information presented in this study may provide other insights into food processing.     

Combination of heat treatment and chitosan coating to improve postharvest quality of wolfberry (Lycium barbarum)

The synergistic application of hot water dip at 42 °C for 30 min and 1% chitosan coating on differentiation in postharvest quality traits, microstructure as well as microbiological evolution of wolfberry fruits was investigated. Fresh wolfberry fruits were stored at 2 ± 0.5 °C and 90% relative humidity (RH) for 28 days. Results indicated the combination of prestorage heat treatment and chitosan coating maintained higher levels of ascorbic acid, total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity as well as lower decay, compared with untreated wolfberry fruits. The possible mechanism was that the heat treatment almost sealed open stomata to limit the sites of pathogen penetration into fruits independently, followed by the biofilm formed by chitosan which controlled secondary infections as well as slowed changes in fruit respiration and metabolic activity in wolfberries. The synergistically treated fruit also exhibited a higher acceptability obtained by sensory analysis after cold storage. In this sense, the integrated application of heat treatment and chitosan coating could be regarded as an effective strategy to extend storage life and maintain the postharvest quality of wolfberry fruits.     

紫色马铃薯酒发酵工艺优化及主发酵期花青素与色泽的动态变化

以紫色马铃薯为原料，在单因素的基础上，通过响应面法对紫色马铃薯酒的发酵工艺参数进行优化。最佳发酵工艺参数为:马铃薯与面粉比1:0.6、料水比1:1 (g/mL)、α-淀粉酶添加量8.5 U/g、酒曲添加量0.45%。此工艺在28 ℃下发酵14 d，得到的紫色马铃薯酒酒精度13.5%vol，花青素含量166.34 mg/mL，酒体澄清透明呈紫红色，酸甜适中，有独特酒香，综合感官评定得分90分。测定主发酵期花青素和色泽的动态变化，分析表明，紫色马铃薯酒在发酵过程中花青素呈现先上升后下降的趋势，色度呈现先下降后趋于平缓的趋势，色调则与之相反。聚合色度和褐变指数总体均呈现逐渐上升的趋势。试验结果为工业化生产紫色马铃薯酒提供理论依据。     

Effect of in-app components,medium, and screen size of electronic textbooks on reading performance,behavior, and perception

Although many app-based textbooks are available for students, reading have not been thoroughly outlined. This study aimed to understand how changes from paper to electronic textbooks have affected the academic reading task, investigate student users’ perceptions of in-app components and screen sizes, and identify issues affecting in-app components and task requirements. A mixed factorial design experiment was employed. Results showed that there were no significant changes in comprehension and time spent reading between print text and the iPad. Yet, student highlighting, notetaking, and reading behavior and perception significantly changed based on condition. In addition, students struggled to use in-app components and found them frustrating especially when accounting for sentence splitting. The findings presented can assist in understanding the changes in student reading behavior, which can be used to improve interface design of future e-textbooks.     

Improving storability,physiological disorders,and antioxidant properties of ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) by pre-harvest 1-methylcyclopropene spraying

Ethylene continues to be a major factor influencing quality of European pears during storage. Although research has been done on the effect of pre-harvest 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on physiological characteristics in pears, a full understanding of cultivar response and antioxidant metabolism remains elusive. Spraying 1-MCP on ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pears was studied with respect to physiology, storage and eating quality, disorders, and antioxidant properties at two harvest date (H1 and H2) during storage and ripening. Treatment with 1-MCP extended the harvest window of ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pears 3 and 4 days, respectively, without reducing storage or eating quality. Treatment with 1-MCP reduced ethylene production (EPR) and respiration rates (RR), maintained fruit firmness and green colour during storage and retarded development of desirable melting texture in both cultivars. Additionally, 1-MCP lowered the incidence of disorders by alleviating membrane lipid peroxidation, retaining high total flavonoids (TF) and antioxidant capacity, and enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in both cultivars. Overall, pre-harvest 1-MCP applications could extend storage time of ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pears to 5 and 6 months, respectively, at −1.1 ± 0.5 °C, by reducing ethylene synthesis and enhancing antioxidant metabolism.     

用水竞争力指数评价方法及其应用研究

水资源短缺加剧了区域、行业间水资源竞争的程度,影响了水资源的演变格局,也对水资源供需管理提出了新的要求。为了定量化描述用水竞争现象,辨析了用水竞争力概念、内涵及其驱动因素,引入了用水竞争力指数（WCI）,并采用驱动增长率、刚性需水量、用水效益和用水紧缺程度四类指标构建了用水竞争力评价模型,以京津冀地区为例,定量分析得到京津冀地区2001—2015年农业、工业和生活分行业多年平均用水竞争力指数分别为0.09、0.17和0.56,其中生活用水竞争力指数最大并长期保持增长趋势,成为影响京津冀地区用水竞争力的主要行业,其次是工业用水竞争力指数,但呈波动性变化特征,农业用水竞争力指数最小但呈持续增加的趋势。     

基于非参数乘法回归模型的农业景观步甲空间分布模拟

农业生产引起的景观变化是导致生物多样性丧失的重要原因,为评估农业景观结构变化对物种多样性的影响,探索农业景观物种空间模拟的方法,研究应用非参数乘法回归(NPMR)模型结合田间步甲取样数据,分析了步甲群落多样性、主要物种存在/不存在与取样点周围边长为200 m景观内景观结构之间的关系,建立研究区物种-景观分布预测模型,结合地理信息系统(GIS)技术建立研究区群落/物种空间分布预测图。结果表明:在群落水平上,景观结构对步甲群落多样性的影响不显著; 在物种水平上,黄斑青步甲(Chlaenius micans)、淡鞘婪步甲(Harpalus pallidipennis)受斑块密度的影响显著(p<0.05),黄斑青步甲、后斑青步甲(Chlaenius posticalis)和单齿婪步甲(Harpalus simplicide)受半自然生境类型数的影响显著(p<0.05),单齿蝼步甲(Scarites terricola)受半自然生境比例的影响显著(p<0.05),而蠋步甲(Dolichus halensis)受景观结构的影响较为复杂。通过模型预测,输出研究区域6个主要物种的空间分布模拟图,进一步分析发现在研究区域内,对景观结构较为敏感的6个步甲物种主要分布在农田与半自然生境相接的狭长地带。因此,利用非参数乘法回归模型可以很好地模拟步甲物种对农田景观结构的响应及其在景观中的空间分布变化。200 m×200 m尺度下,尽管步甲群落多样性不受景观结构的显著影响,但是存在部分步甲物种对景观结构响应显著,但不同物种对景观结构的响应不同。增加农田地块间半自然生境,并合理改善景观配置异质性将有利于对景观结构变化敏感步甲物种的维持。     

基于N次谐波法的供油凸轮型线的拟合

采用N次谐波法反求电控单体集成泵的凹弧凸轮型线,利用MATLAB软件对凸轮型线进行曲线拟合,并根据拟合结果对供油凸轮性能进行分析。结果表明,在拟合过程中N的取值受限是造成截断误差的主要原因,因此可以通过增大N值来获得较高的拟合精度,在等速区段较大时,循环喷油量稳定,速度上升平稳。     

赤霉素GA3对小鼠机体氧化-抗氧化系统平衡的影响

选择昆明种小鼠为试验动物,以超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶活性及丙二醛含量为观察指标,研究赤霉素GA3在剂量（197,394和788 mg/kg）暴露条件下,小鼠脾脏、肝脏和心脏组织是否发生氧化应激.结果表明,394和788 mg/kg每千克体重bw剂量组脾脏超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶活性有所下降,与对照组相比,分别降低了21.01%,29.02%和23.36%,35.03%,与对照组相比差异显著;肝脏超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶活性分别降低了9.01%,13.05%和12.81%,16.17%,与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）.同时赤霉素GA3处理后丙二醛含量显著升高,394,788 mg/kg bw剂量处理组脾脏和肝脏分别升高了19.06%,23.61%和22.33%,26.39%,与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;肾脏超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶活性有所上升,与对照组相比,分别上升了22.34%和40.20%,丙二醛含量有所下降,与对照组相比分别下降了35.93%和30.05%;另外,赤霉素GA3处理后,对心脏的氧化应激作用与对照组相比差异不显著.表明赤霉素对小鼠不同组织器官的氧化应激表现不同,对肝脏、脾脏有氧化损伤作用,对心脏作用不明显.     

基于GMM-CNN的鱼道内鱼类游泳行为提取方法

鱼道设计离不开鱼类行为特性的研究,智能监控是观测、记录和量化鱼类行为的主要手段,但由于鱼道紊动的水流环境对鱼体精确跟踪造成了困难。本研究提出一种适用于鱼道研究的鱼类游泳行为提取方法,通过高斯混合模型（GMM）和卷积神经网络模型（CNN）对鱼体图像语义分割,再根据鱼体像素计算上溯轨迹、游泳速度和摆尾幅度。方法的验证以草鱼为试验对象,分别进行基于UNet和SegNet的鱼体语义分割对比试验和鱼类游泳行为提取试验。试验结果表明：（1） UNet模型的图像语义分割结果（MPA=95.9%,MIoU=93.3%）优于SegNet模型（MPA=95.5%,MIoU=92.8%）;（2）应用GMM-CNN模型进行过鱼轨迹跟踪,其坐标平均相对误差（MRE_x=7.1%,MRE_y=2.4%）低于单独使用GMM方法23.1%、11.6%;（3） GMM-CNN模型测算鱼类行为能够准确定位鱼体特征点,应用于提取鱼类游泳行为时具有较高的精确度。基于GMM-CNN鱼类游泳行为提取方法可以为鱼道设计提供技术支持。