Emerging functional nanomaterials for the detection of food contaminants

Along with the progress in nanoscience, a variety of advanced functional nanomaterials were constructed to develop effective and innovative analytical techniques for food safety surveillance. In this review, we summarized the advanced analytical methods that have been developed based upon advanced functional nanomaterials, including plasmonic nanomaterial-based colorimetric methods, fluorescent nanomaterial-based fluorescent methods, advanced functional material-based molecular imprinting technology, advanced functional material-based chromatographic methods, plasmonic nanomaterial-based surface enhanced Raman scattering technology, and advanced functional material-based electrochemical methods. This review provides a progressive roadmap for further development of portable, rapid, and in situ detection technology to promote food safety surveillance from bench to market and eventually reduce the gap between research in the laboratory and industrial applications.     

Determination of porcine gelatin in edible bird's nest by competitive indirect ELISA based on anti-peptide polyclonal antibody

Competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for rapid detection of porcine gelatin in edible bird's nest (EBN). Three ELISAs were developed by using polyclonal rabbit antibodies against porcine species-specific amino acid sequences of collagen α2 (I) chain (pAb1 and pAb2) and α1 (I) chain (pAb3). The limit of detection (IC₁₅) of the three ELISAs was 0.033, 0.082 and 0.052 μg/mL respectively. The median inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of pAb1, pAb2 and pAb3 was 0.265, 0.394 and 0.228 μg/mL respectively, as well as able to recognise porcine and bovine gelatins. pAb1 showed slight cross-reactivity with cave nest and egg white, while pAb2 exhibited slight cross-reactivity with blood cave nest and egg white. No cross-reactivity was observed with EBNs and egg white for pAb3. The recoveries of porcine gelatin spiked EBNs were in the range of 62.8–125.4% with intra- and inter-day coefficient of variants (CVs) of 2.9–5.4% and 4.7–9.6% respectively when using pAb3. Taking into account all abovementioned factors, pAb3 appeared sufficient for EBN authentication.     

刺五加总苷的提取工艺优化及其抗氧化作用

采用复合酶辅助超声法提取刺五加根中的活性物质,利用响应面法优化其提取工艺,然后利用液质联用分析了提取物成分,并通过测定提取物对DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基的清除能力以及总抗氧化能力评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明:刺五加活性物质的最佳提取工艺为复合酶量1.3%,果胶酶占比0.60,酶解温度60℃,酶解pH4.2,酶解时间90 min,提取溶剂150 mL的60%乙醇,超声功率200 W,超声时间40 min,超声温度40℃,此时刺五加总苷提取量为(3.33±0.05)mg/g,与传统工艺的(2.01±0.09)mg/g相比,该工艺的总苷产率提高了65.69%。提取物中包含6种酚类、3种脂肪酸类、3种苷类、1种糖类衍生物、1种香豆素类和1种萜类物质,所得提取物具有良好的清除DPPH·和ABTS+·能力,浓度为1.2 mg/mL的提取物对两种自由基的清除率分别为95.41%和84.71%。此外,提取物也表现出一定的总抗氧化能力,并与浓度呈正比,这为刺五加及其提取物在抗氧化食品开发中的应用提供了科学信息和理论依据。     

马齿苋多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展

马齿苋为我国卫健委公布的药食两用植物资源之一,是一种纯天然绿色食品。马齿苋中含有多糖、生物碱、黄酮、有机酸类等多种化学成分。其中,有机酸中的不饱和脂肪酸是人体不可缺少的脂肪酸,具有降血脂、抗炎、抗氧化、增强免疫力等作用。本文就多不饱和脂肪酸的种类、提取、分离富集、功能活性和马齿苋系列产品进行概述,以期为马齿苋和马齿苋多不饱和脂肪酸的研究及开发提供参考。     

微波辅助提取葡萄皮渣中白藜芦醇的工艺研究

目的优化葡萄皮渣中白藜芦醇的微波辅助提取工艺。方法通过单因素试验,选择微波时间、料液比以及微波功率为自变量,白藜芦醇提取率为考察指标,采用正交试验设计分析研究各自变量对多糖提取率的影响。经极差与方差分析,从而获得最适的提取工艺条件。结果在微波提取时间70 s、料液比1:20(m:V)、微波作用功率为600 W的条件下获得白藜芦醇提取率为0.284%,相比有机溶剂乙醇提取法的提取率增加了42%。结论本研究可为葡萄皮渣的再利用与开发提供参考。     

黄芩叶毒理学安全性研究

目的 对黄芩叶进行系统毒理学研究得到安全性基础数据。方法 以黄芩叶提取物为受试物,采用食品安全国家标准方法,对黄芩叶开展急性经口毒性试验、细菌回复突变试验、哺乳动物红细胞微核试验、小鼠精母细胞染色体畸变试验以及90 d经口毒性试验,进行系统的毒理学安全性评价。结果 黄芩叶提取物急性经口毒性试验雌雄小鼠LD₅₀>20.0 g/kg?BW,雌雄大鼠LD₅₀>15.0 g/kg?BW,属于实际无毒级;细菌回复突变试验、哺乳动物红细胞微核试验及小鼠精母细胞染色体畸变试验3项遗传毒性检测结果均为阴性;90 d经口毒性试验中,2.0、4.0、8.0 g/kg?BW 3个剂量组大鼠的体质量、进食量、食物利用率、血液学、血生化等指标,与对照组比较无显著性差异。结论 在本试验剂量条件下,未发现黄芩叶提取物摄入对实验动物产生毒性作用,换算后黄芩叶NOAEL值为24.0 g/kg?BW。     

High-stability conducting polymer-based conformal electrodes for bio-/iono-electronics

Compared to conventional rigid electronics, polymer-based soft electronics conformal to organisms of irregular shapes have emerged as the next-generation devices, especially benefiting long-term bio-interface interactions that avoid mechanical mismatch and consequent adverse immune responses. Highly conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has become a promising candidate for building soft conductors/electrodes due to its good conductance, tunable mechanical stiffness, good biocompatibility and facile fabrication into various structures. However, their high instability towards alkaline, reductants and applied voltage has not yet been fully addressed, which inevitably leads to deteriorated performance in complex physiological environments or weather conditions (e.g., humidity). Such intolerances are rooted in unstable electronic/molecular structures of PEDOT caused by de-doping. Besides the low electrical stability, PEDOT:PSS films also exhibit an impaired overall conductance due to its phase separation into PSS-rich and PEDOT-rich domains. Herein, a general and effective coating strategy is proposed, based on a mechanism of simultaneous molecular rejection and electron conjugation, to improve the stability and boost the conductance. Specifically, a reduced-graphene-oxide (rGO) thin layer can not only protect PEDOT: PSS from being de-doped by alkali, bio-reductants and applied voltage through molecular rejection, to maintain its conductivity and ensure stable functions, but also further boost the overall conductance through a bridging effect with its large conjugated domain. This strategy is compatible with various material fabrication techniques, including blade-coating, dip-coating and extrusion-based printing techniques, enabling the fabrication of conductors/electrodes with different structures. Finally, the advantages of excellent stability and high conformability of the composite films as soft conductors have been demonstrated through practical applications in tissue stimulation, electrophysiological recording and proprioceptive hydrogel skins, exhibiting great promise in bio/iono-electronics and human–machine interactions.     

Karl Fischer Titration to determine moisture in honey: A new simplified approach

Honey, produced by Apis mellifera from nectar or honeydew, contains a discrete quantity of water (about 17%). The variability of water content influences the quality, the stability, the workability and the storage of honey. Moisture in honey is usually measured via determination of refractive index (RI); from the value measured, the percentage is calculated by an empirical formula or by “conversion” table. A possible alternative approach is the Karl Fischer Titration (KFT). The objective of this work was to find the optimal parameters for water determination in honey with KFT without any heat treatment of sample or working medium and the measurement of water content in more than 100 honeys of different botanical origin, using RI and KFT determinations. The water content, obtained with KFT, was usually higher than that determined by RI analysis. According to our results KFT seems to be the most reliable method.     

响应曲面法优化微波辅助提取香菇柄多糖及其 抗氧化活性研究

目的优化香菇柄多糖的微波辅助提取工艺,并研究其抗氧化活性。方法通过单因素试验,选择时间、功率以及料液比为自变量,多糖提取率为响应值,采用响应曲面法设计分析研究各自变量及其交互作用对多糖提取率的影响。经分析模拟得到二次多项式回归方程的预测模型,从而获得最适的提取工艺条件;并采用DPPH法、Fenton反应等方法测定香菇柄多糖的抗氧化活性。结果在提取时间8 min、微波作用功率400W、料液比1:7(m:V)的条件下获得多糖提取率为4.91%;香菇柄多糖具有清除DPPH自由基与羟自由基的能力。结论本研究可为香菇柄的再利用与开发提供参考。