Impact of cryoconcentration on casein micelle size distribution,micelles inter-distance,and flow behavior of skim milk during refrigerated storage

Cryoconcentration combined with a cascade effect was used to concentrate skim milk up to 25.12% total dry matter. Size, shape, and inter-micellar distance of casein micelles were characterized by ZetasizerNano-ZS, transmission electron microscopy, and ImageJ analyses. Flow properties of the cryoconcentrated skim milk were evaluated during 5 weeks of storage under refrigerated condition at 4 °C. Milk color was also evaluated according to the L*, a*, and b* system. The cryoconcentrated skim milk obtained after three cryoconcentration cycles was characterized by a monomodal distribution of its micelles with a tendency to smaller casein micelles. Approximately 60% of the total micellar volume was occupied by the casein micelles with a size of 100–200 nm, less than 18% of the volume with a size of 50–100 nm and only less than 1% was occupied by micelles with a size > 350 nm. This result shows that cryoconcentration changed the distribution of the mean size of the casein micelles to smaller units. No significant difference was observed on the inter-micellar distance. Cryoconcentration significantly improved the color of skim milk by increasing the L* value up to 67 which was similar to that of whole milk. Transition from a Newtonian to a non-Newtonian behavior was observed from the fourth week storage with a slight increase of casein micelle size.Industrial relevanceA concentration procedure of skim milk based on a complete block cryoconcentration technique was proposed. Application of this sub-zero technology permitted the concentration of skim milk total dry matter up to 25%. The casein micelle size was positively affected by moving the major part of the micelles toward the smaller size, whereas the inter-micellar distance was not affected. This new knowledge can be exploited in milk-based products to enhance the product stability. The cryoconcentrated skim milk color was positively affected since its L* value, which represents the milk whiteness, was significantly improved. The flow behavior of the cryoconcentrated milk was of Newtonian type up to 4 weeks of storage at 4 °C. The generated knowledge in this study can be easily used by the milk processing industry in order to make stable milk product with high dry matter content without adding milk powder, which negatively affects the product sensory properties (floury consistency).     

Analysis of chemical compounds and toxicological evaluation of Forsythia suspensa leaves tea

To determine the compositions of Forsythia suspensa leaves tea (FSLT) and its safety, the chemical compounds were analysed with some methods, and the toxicity was evaluated in Kunming mice and Wistar rats. The results showed that FSLT contained rich flavonoid, lignans, triperpene acids, amino acids, and mineral elements. In the acute toxicity study, none of the mice died, and no obvious poisoning symptoms were observed after 14 days in mice at the dose of 15 mg/g·body weight (bw) FSLT; in the sub-chronic toxicity, no abnormal or dead rat was found at the dose of 1, 3, and 10 mg/g·bw during 90 days feeding administration; there was no significant difference in bw and food consumption; no significant differences were found in each hematology and serum biochemistry parameter and organ/body weight ratio comparing with the control experimental group. The results revealed that the FSLT has low or no toxicity via oral administration. Therefore, FSLT is very suitable and safe to be used as a new resource food.     

Effects of different drying methods on the physical characteristics and flavor of dried hawthorns (Crataegus spp.)

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to compare the physical characteristics and flavor of dried hawthorns obtained by freeze-drying (FD), microwave freeze-drying (MFD), atmospheric freeze-drying (AFD), and heat pump drying (HPD). The parameters including moisture content, product temperature, rehydration ratio, chroma, hue angle, yellowness index, total color difference, and energy consumption were investigated. The use of fuzzy reasoning for the sensory evaluation of hawthorn quality was also performed. As expected, AFD, FD, and MFD produced better accepted dried hawthorn products than did HPD. Nevertheless, FD consumed the highest energy and had a long drying time, but its product was the best; AFD had a similar energy cost as HPD, but its drying time was the longest; and MFD had a higher energy cost and longer drying time than HPD, but its product quality was similar to that of FD products. As a result, MFD and AFD had potential to replace FD to yield dried hawthorns with high product quality and relatively low cost.     

Effects of light exposure on chlorophyll,sugars and vitamin C content of fresh‐cut celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) petioles

Effects of light exposure (24 μmol m^?2 s^?1) on fresh‐cut celery nutritional quality were evaluated during 8‐day storage at 7 °C using darkness as control. Light exposure preserved 47% chlorophyll a and 48% chlorophyll b contents more than darkness at the end of storage. Sucrose, reducing sugar and glucose contents in light‐stored petioles were 17%, 25% and 67% higher than those in dark‐stored petioles after 8‐day storage, respectively, thus resulting in higher total soluble solids content in light condition. Moreover, l ‐ascorbic acid content increased at 2‐day storage in light condition and was 46% more than in darkness at the end of storage. The fresh weight loss significantly increased in all petioles, and this increase was markedly accelerated by light exposure with a maximum of 1.43% at the end of storage. Dry matter content was induced more by light exposure than by darkness at 2‐day storage.     

乳铁蛋白及其多肽对淋巴细胞增殖活性的影响

乳铁蛋白及其多肽具有很多生物活性,但不同来源的乳铁蛋白及其多肽在很多活性方面表现很大的差异。实验比较研究了4种乳铁蛋白及其胃蛋白酶水解产物对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖作用的影响,为乳铁蛋白及其多肽的开发应用提供科学依据。实验结果表明:4种乳铁蛋白对Con A诱导的脾淋巴细胞增殖均有抑制作用,其中驼乳铁蛋白抑制作用最强;而4种乳铁蛋白多肽对Con A诱导的脾淋巴细胞增殖在一定浓度范围内具有促进作用,而超出这个浓度范围,就起到抑制作用,但4种乳铁蛋白多肽对Con A诱导的脾淋巴细胞增殖的影响组间比较没有显著差异。     

红薯叶粉热泵-热风联合干燥工艺优化

为保证红薯叶粉品质,降低加工能耗,采用热泵-热风联合干燥技术对红薯叶进行处理,在单因素试验基础上运用Box-Behnken Design优化试验,研究热泵干燥温度、热风干燥温度和转换点含水率对单位能耗、叶绿素含量、色泽L*值和吸湿性的影响,通过加权综合评分法推导多项式回归模型,进而优化联合干燥工艺参数。经响应面优化的干燥参数为:热泵干燥温度52℃、热风干燥温度73℃、转换点含水率58%,该工艺下单位能耗3 621. 36 k J/g、叶绿素含量6. 42 mg/g、色泽L*值46. 21、吸湿性7. 19%,综合评分值与预测值拟合度高达99. 632 5%,为红薯叶综合利用奠定了理论基础。     

基于近红外光谱技术的白酒基酒中乳酸的快速检测

目的:研究现代近红外光谱技术快速检测白酒基酒中的乳酸含量。方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定基酒样品中乳酸的化学值,与近红外透射光谱相结合,建立白酒基酒中乳酸的定量检测模型。结果:最佳预处理方法为一阶导数+多元散射校正(MSC),最优波段谱为6102~5450 cm-1。对模型进行优化和检验,得到校正集样品的化学值与预测值的决定系数(R2)为0.9771,校正标准偏差(RMSECV)为0.1825;验证集的决定系数(R2)为0.9808,预测标准偏差(RMSEP)为0.1475。结论:近红外光谱法快速有效,所建模型具有很好的预测效果,模型的精密度和稳定性良好,为白酒生产中乳酸含量的检测提供方法指导。     

高温处理对牛肉蛋白质化学作用力及肌原纤维蛋白结构的影响

以牛背最长肌为研究对象,对其进行高温处理（110、115、121 ℃分别加热3、6、9、12、15 min）,通过分析蛋白质化学键、傅里叶变换红外光谱、紫外光谱、内源荧光光谱以及蛋白质片段大小等结构信息变化,探讨高温处理对牛肉蛋白质化学作用力及肌原纤维蛋白结构的影响。结果表明,随着处理温度的升高和加热时间的延长,牛肉蛋白中离子键和氢键含量显著下降（P＜0.05）,疏水相互作用和二硫键含量显著升高（P＜0.05）。肌原纤维蛋白二级结构发生重排,N—H和C—N伸缩振动以及N—H弯曲振动较为明显。高温处理促使芳香族氨基酸残基暴露于分子表面,并改变了肌原纤维蛋白质疏水区域的局部结构和蛋白质的三级结构。此外,在高温处理下肌原纤维蛋白发生了明显的降解聚集,并形成了大量小分子质量的蛋白片段。可见,高温处理能够显著改变牛肉蛋白质的化学作用力及肌原纤维蛋白的结构,本研究为高温处理下牛肉蛋白质变化机制的研究提供参考。