Effects of redox-active interlayer anions on the oxygen evolution reactivity of NiFe-layered double hydroxide nanosheets

Nickel-iron layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) nanosheets have shown optimal oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance; however, the role of the intercalated ions in the OER activity remains unclear. In this work, we show that the activity of the NiFe-LDHs can be tailored by the intercalated anions with different redox potentials. The intercalation of anions with low redox potential (high reducing ability), such as hypophosphites, leads to NiFe-LDHs with low OER overpotential of 240 mV and a small Tafel slope of 36.9 mV/dec, whereas NiFe-LDHs intercalated with anions of high redox potential (low reducing ability), such as fluorion, show a high overpotential of 370 mV and a Tafel slope of 80.8 mV/dec. The OER activity shows a surprising linear correlation with the standard redox potential. Density functional theory calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicate that the intercalated anions alter the electronic structure of metal atoms which exposed at the surface. Anions with low standard redox potential and strong reducing ability transfer more electrons to the hydroxide layers. This increases the electron density of the surface metal sites and stabilizes their high-valence states, whose formation is known as the critical step prior to the OER process.

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Efficiency of acetic acid and formic acid as a catalyst in catalytical and mechanocatalytical pretreatment of barley straw

In this study, the potential of organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid) in a catalytical and mechanocatalytic conversion of lignocellulosic barley straw to valuable sugars is explored using sulfuric acid as a reference. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis has been carried out with acid-impregnated samples as well as unmodified barley straw. In the mechanocatalytical approach, pretreatment consists of impregnation with the acid catalyst and mechanical treatment by ball milling following chemical hydrolysis. Straw samples and residues were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) whereas hydrolysate analysis was based on total reducing sugar (TRS) determination following the DNS method and capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis. The results indicated that acetic acid and formic acid are rather mild acids yielding low TRS levels compared to the reference acid. Mechanocatalytical pretreatment slightly increased TRS yields, but not significantly. Strikingly, sulfuric acid showed an efficient conversion efficiency yielding almost 45% of TRS. Furthermore, this study provided evidence for the acetylation of straw components when acetic acid was used as catalyst. Alkali hydrolysis induced the de-esterification, but revealed no significant increase of TRS yields.     

5 种乳酸菌对库车小白杏发酵液理化性质及感官评价的影响

用戊糖片球菌、罗伊氏乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌共5?种乳酸菌发酵库车小白杏，通过比较发酵液在发酵过程中的菌浓度、pH值、总可溶性固形物（total soluble solids，TSS）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase，SOD）活性等理化特性及发酵结束后的感官评价，筛选出一种或几种适合发酵库车小白杏发酵液的菌株。结果表明，发酵结束后，戊糖片球菌发酵库车小白杏发酵液的SOD活性达到252.63?U/g，活菌数达到8.07（lg（CFU/mL）），TSS含量降至17.1?°Brix，感官总体评价值最佳达到97%。植物乳杆菌发酵的库车小白杏发酵液的SOD活性达到275.87?U/g，感官总体评价几何平均（geometrical mean，GM）值达到88%。嗜酸乳杆菌发酵的库车小白杏发酵液速度最快，活菌数最终达到9.95（lg（CFU/mL）），TSS含量降至16.6?°Brix，但感官总体评价GM值仅为79%。综上所述，戊糖片球菌是最适合发酵库车小白杏的菌种，而植物乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌的适合度仅次于戊糖片球菌。通过比较5?种乳酸菌发酵的库车小白杏发酵液的理化性质和感官评价，可以得出结论，戊糖片球菌最适合发酵库车小白杏。     

水酶法提沙棘果油破乳方法的研究

以水酶法提沙棘果油中形成的乳状液为研究对象,利用调节pH并加热的方法对其破乳,采用响应面法对破乳工艺条件进行优化,结果表明,在pH4.97、料液比1∶1.8、振荡温度54.2℃、振荡时间4.4h、离心转速3500r/min、离心时间15min条件下,乳状液中油回收率为65.52%。     

双酶复合水解酒糟制备可发酵糖的工艺研究

为将酒糟中纤维素和半纤维素组分转化成可发酵糖,从酶添加量、酶解时间和固液比等角度分别研究了纤维素酶和木聚糖酶的酶解参数,并考察2种酶不同添加方式对酒糟酶解糖化得率的影响,筛选适宜的酶解条件。结果表明,与纤维素酶或半纤维素酶单一酶水解相比,2种酶复合酶解效果较好,且2种酶同时添加的酶解得率最高。2种酶复合同步酶解的最优参数为纤维素酶添加量5%,木聚糖酶添加量4%,酶解时间为48 h,固液比为1∶20(m/v),该条件下的还原糖和木糖得率分别为30.75%和23.59%。     

Study of taste-active compounds in the water-soluble extract of mature Cheddar cheese

The chemical composition of the water-soluble extracts of mature Cheddar cheese were identified, with the emphasis on understanding the interplay of compounds contributing to the savoury taste in Cheddar. The ultra-filtered water-soluble extracts of two mature Cheddar cheeses were fractionated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). By sensory evaluation, two taste-active GPC fractions were identified from each cheese. On the basis of chemical profiling of these fractions, aqueous model tastant mixtures were prepared and sensory omission tests carried out. Glutamic acid, organic acids and mineral salts were the main tastants, whereas the other amino acids had a limited impact on taste. The characteristic umami taste was explained by a synergistic effect of glutamic acid and salts. Matching umami taste intensities were obtained from different concentrations of glutamic acid and salts. Unmasking of a bitter or sweet taste from mixtures of sub-threshold concentrations of amino acids without glutamic acids was also observed.     

A synergistic approach to light-free catalysis using zinc oxide embedded multi-walled carbon nanotube paper

Nanoparticle embedded carbon nanotube papers can produce flexible functional films, whose function is based on the electronic coupling of the nanoparticles with the network of carbon nanotubes. Here we report on the expansion of a synergistic light-free catalyst system that requires both the molecular wire capability of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and the piezoelectric properties of ZnO nanoparticles. The electron–hole pairs can be induced by the piezoelectric effect of ZnO nanoparticles under the effect of pressure. The strong oxidizing radicals interact with the electron–hole pairs and aqueous solution to induce the degradation of methylene blue without the requirement of light. This study highlights the use of nanoparticles for the piezoelectric – light free catalyst system and the limitations of increased nanoparticle loading on the catalytic degradation of methylene blue.     

天山堇菜秦皮乙素大孔树脂分离纯化工艺优化

通过静态吸附与解吸附试验,从8种大孔树脂中筛选出适合纯化天山堇菜秦皮乙素的树脂,并进行吸附性能的研究。结果表明,HPD500树脂对天山堇菜秦皮乙素具有良好的吸附效果,其吸附动力学可用拟二级动力学方程描述,不同温度下的等温吸附可用Freundlich方程很好地拟合,其吸附的自由能变△G、焓变△H和熵变△S均0,吸附过程是一个自发、放热的物理行为。最佳纯化工艺条件为上样浓度2.593 5mg/mL,最大上样量7.780 5mg/g·树脂,上样流速2.0mL/min,除杂用水量7BV,50%乙醇洗脱,洗脱剂用量7 BV,洗脱流速2.0mL/min。该条件下,秦皮乙素纯度达到37%,回收率达到93%。     

全麦粉的添加对油馕面团品质的影响

考察添加不同比例的全麦粉,对油馕面团粉质特性、拉伸性、糊化特性、混合粉溶剂保留特性、面团水分分布和面团面筋蛋白二级结构的影响。结果表明,随着全麦粉含量的增加面团加工性质变差,面团吸水率由65.18%增加至最大值80.30%,面团形成时间从4.13 min增加到最大值5.34 min;面团的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、回生值和衰减值呈下降趋势,而糊化温度则不断提高;拉伸能量由87 cm2降低至30 cm2,延展度由156 mm降低至92 mm,拉伸阻力由302 EU降低至242 EU。当全麦粉完全取代精粉时与精粉组相比（全麦粉取代率为0%）,混合粉的碳酸钠、蔗糖和水溶剂保留率分别增加了20.56%、18.69%和34.94%,而乳酸溶剂保留率则降低23.47%;核磁结果显示,面团中水分分布变化情况为A21/A2升高,A22/A2和A23/A2下降;傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测定结果显示,面筋蛋白结构中α-螺旋和β-折叠的总相对含量由68.57%下降为50.89%,无规卷曲相对含量增加了31.5%,稳定的二级结构下降、不稳定的二级结构相对含量上升,导致面筋蛋白结构变差。     

啤酒泡沫活性蛋白质中Z4蛋白质的提取及鉴定

主要研究了泡沫活性蛋白质中最重要的Z4蛋白的分离提纯,并利用蛋白免疫印记法(Western Blot)以及质谱(Mass Spectrometry)鉴定Z4蛋白质。此外,还探讨了Z4蛋白质的含量在酿造过程中的变化。实验结果表明,Z4蛋白质的pI值为5.5~6.0,分子质量为43ku,其抗体鉴定Z4有很高的相关性。在酿造过程中,泡沫活性蛋白质发生了很大的变化。