Characterisation and in vitro cytotoxicity of toxic and degradation compounds in bamboo shoots (Dendrocalamus Sinicus) during traditional fermentation

Fermentation has been historically applied to reduce bamboo shoot (BS) toxicity. However, the underlying degradation pathway of the toxic compounds remains unknown. In this work, the cytotoxicity of BS against the BRL-3A cells was evaluated, and the changes in chemical constituents were determined to reveal the influence of fermentation on BS. The in vitro toxic evaluation revealed fermentation time was crucial in decreasing the toxicity. The main compounds in fresh and fermented were qualitatively and quantitatively determined and were further targeted isolated and identified. A mathematical model to describe the change rate as a function of fermentation time was formulated. Dynamic profiling revealed that taxiphyllin 1 , p-hydroxybenzaldehyde 2 and methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate 3 decreased and transformed into intermediate compounds (p-hydroxybenzoic acid 4 and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 5 ), finally converting into p-hydroxytoluene 6 during fermentation. The results provided basis on the chemical components for practical fermentation and the quality control of BS products.     

Comparison of simplex and duplex real-time PCR for the quantification of GMO in maize and soybean

This paper focuses on the determination of the GMO content of maize and soybean samples using real-time PCR, comparing simplex and duplex PCR. The total DNA content of samples was determined by amplifying part of a maize gene encoding a lipid transfer protein, or part of a soybean lectin gene. The transgenic DNA was quantified by amplifying part of the CaMV 35S promoter. The importance of preparation and conservation of standards as well as the relevance of DNA extraction protocol on the variability of results are discussed. For the determination of low GMO content, limitation in the number of copies of the target gene to be amplified is considered. For samples with a theoretical GMO content of 1%, corresponding to the legal threshold for labelling, the value determined by duplex real-time PCR ranged from 0.85% to 1.20%. Both real-time simplex and duplex PCRs allowed identification of GMO free samples without ambiguity.     

Conventional and emerging detection techniques for pathogenic bacteria in food science: A review

BackgroundContinuous transformation and development of new detection tools for bacteria has converted the laborious scientific work into smart apparatus in recent years. The journey had begun with the culture-based plate enumeration, and now it has evolved into several culture-independent techniques. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is on the top of the list that is now a routinely used biological approach to detect bacterial cells. Instrumental techniques are also helpful in this regard, as they are more sensitive for detection of various microbes.Scope and approachIn this review, we described new trends and their practical application in the fields of detection microbiology and food technology. This study provides a brief overview of conventional and modern detection techniques which includes nucleic-acid sequence based techniques to non-destructive imaging techniques.Key findings and conclusionsBesides the availability of antibiotics and clinical treatments, bacterial infections significantly increase the mortality rate. It is necessary to detect apparent infectious agents beforehand. Therefore, the detection methods for microorganisms should be more rapid, smart and reliable in response to the need. Conventional detection techniques are slow and time-consuming but more accurate and reliable than the modern detection techniques. By combing the mentioned techniques, scientists can achieve better results.     

云南产黄皮疣柄牛肝菌基本营养成分和抗氧化活性

对采集自云南省25个产地的29个黄皮疣柄牛肝菌(Leccinum crocipodium)样本的基本营养成分、多酚含量及其抗氧化活性进行了测定和分析。结果表明,菌体粗蛋白含量为24.54% DW~37.25% DW,粗脂肪含量为0.88% DW~3.78% DW,可溶性总糖含量为7.03% DW~19.03% DW,粗灰分含量为4.31% DW~7.07% DW;多酚含量丰富,为12.25 mg GAE/g DW~24.44 mg GAE/g DW;多酚粗提物表现出很好的DPPH·、ABTS+·清除活性、FRAP还原能力以及Fe2+螯合能力;总酚含量与ABTS+·清除活性和FRAP还原能力的显著正相关(p<0.01),表明黄皮疣柄牛肝菌粗多酚可能是其抗氧化活性的主要因素之一。云南产黄皮疣柄牛肝菌营养组成丰富,具有高蛋白低脂肪,粗多酚提取物抗氧化活性强的特点。     

Assessment of antibacterial activity of fractions from burdock leaf against food-related bacteria

The chemical composition and antibacterial activities of burdock leaves fractions against six food-related bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella typhimurium) were first investigated. The burdock leaves extract was fractioned with ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water, named as EF, BF and WF. The data from minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values showed that EF and other fractions effectively inhibited the growth of all test bacterial pathogens, the antibacterial activity of EF being much greater than BF and WF. The time–kill study indicated that EF exhibited significant bactericidal activity against all the six pathogens. At 12 h, EF was bactericidal for 4/6, 6/6 and 6/6 strains at 1× MIC, 3× MIC and 5× MIC, respectively. For all the fractions, the antibacterial capacity had a significant correlation with total phenolic content, suggesting that the activities were probably due to the combined action of phenolic compounds. The phenolic compounds of the fractions were then identified for the first time. After activity-guide fractionation and separation by flash chromatogram, two purified active compounds (chlorogenic acid, rutin) were obtained, and identified by UPLC–MS/MS. The ethyl acetate fraction based on its lower MIC values, concentration and time-dependent antibacterial and bactericidal activities could be useful in control of foodborne bacterial pathogens.     

灰褐牛肝菌(Boletus griseus)子实体的营养评价及蛋白质组分分析

测定灰褐牛肝菌子实体的基本成分、单糖、脂肪酸和氨基酸组成,矿物质含量及其蛋白质连续累进组分的含量,并对其蛋白质的营养价值进行系统评价。结果表明:灰褐牛肝菌子实体中粗蛋白质量分数为28.22%;葡萄糖含量最高,为258.04 mg/g;17种脂肪酸被检出,亚油酸、油酸和棕榈酸分别占脂肪酸总量的35.91%、28.46%和24.50%;游离氨基酸共检出29种,其中Tyr和Ala含量较高,甜味氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸分别占游离氨基酸总量的23.37%和12.69%;水解氨基酸中必需氨基酸含量较高,占氨基酸总量的38%,其氨基酸评分、必需氨基酸指数、生物价、营养指数和氨基酸比值系数分别为71.88、69.93、64.52、19.73和50.05。灰褐牛肝菌富含Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu,同时有毒元素Cd含量相对较高。蛋白质连续累进组分中清蛋白含量最高,占总蛋白的65.62%,但其Cd含量较高,占总Cd量的38.79%。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析表明清蛋白和球蛋白的分子质量分布主要在40 k D,差异热量扫描分析表明其热变性温度分别为125.04℃和75.04℃。结果表明,灰褐牛肝菌子实体的营养价值较高,但是由于Cd元素含量较高,可能存在一定的健康风险。     

Plackett-Burman和Box-Behnken试验优化苦荞蛋白酶解制备抗菌肽的工艺

用中性蛋白酶酶解苦荞蛋白制备抗菌肽,以抑菌率和肽质量浓度为响应值,在底物质量分数、加酶量、pH值、酶解温度和酶解时间5个单因素试验基础上,采用Plackett-Burman试验选出其中影响显著的因素,再以肽质量浓度为评价指标,用Box-Behnken试验优化抗菌肽制备工艺。最佳工艺为:底物质量分数3.22%、加酶量4 000 U/g、pH 6.86。在此条件下,苦荞蛋白酶解产生的肽质量浓度为32.41 mg/mL(预测值为32.12 mg/mL),对大肠杆菌抑菌率为(27.88±2.78)%,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌率为(94.56±0.74)%。结果表明,优化中性蛋白酶酶解苦荞蛋白制备抗菌肽工艺合理。     

抗氧化活性乳酸菌的分离鉴定及其在泡菜发酵中的应用

本研究从农家自制泡椒中分离并鉴定出三株具有抗氧化活性的乳酸菌。并用这几株乳酸菌组合后发酵泡菜,同时设立自然发酵组作对照,分别测定了乳酸菌菌株和1~5 d发酵泡菜的抗氧化活性,以揭示人工接种抗氧化活性乳酸菌在泡菜发酵中的作用。结果发现添加乳酸菌的泡菜发酵周期比自然发酵泡菜缩短2 d。泡菜发酵实验表明添加乳酸菌发酵泡菜的抗氧化活性远大于自然发酵泡菜的抗氧化活性。到发酵后期,三个发酵组中除DPPH自由基清除率无显著差异外(p0.05),自然发酵组的还原力、羟基自由基和ABTs自由基清除率显著低于人工接种组,其中羟基自由基清除率的差异最为显著,均大于自然组清除率28.41%的两倍以上。通过感官品尝实验对泡菜的风味进行初步评估,表明添加乳酸菌发酵泡菜的风味较自然发酵更佳。进一步通过GC-MS对泡菜中的香气成分进行初步分析,结果证明接种乳酸菌发酵泡菜的风味成分中烷烃和酯类比自然发酵泡菜中更为丰富,二者的总比例在所测峰面积比例中均高出自然组27%~30%。本研究为泡菜的健康发酵和泡菜风味的优化提供了理论依据。     

Microbial and quality evaluation of green peppers stored in biodegradable film packaging

The effects of polylactic acid (PLA) based biodegradable film packaging on the microbial and physicochemical quality of green peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) were compared to the effects of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film packaging, and perforated LDPE film packaging. Each package containing green peppers was heat-sealed and stored for 7 days at 10 °C. The microbial levels (aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, and yeast and moulds) and physicochemical properties such as colour, weight loss, hardness, ascorbic acid concentration, O₂ and CO₂ concentrations, were monitored during storage. Results indicated that the physicochemical properties of colour, hardness, ascorbic acid concentration, and microbial levels (total aerobic bacteria, and moulds and yeasts) did not show remarkable changes during storage period. The microbial levels in coliform bacteria were increased by less than 1 log CFU/g (0.2 log CFU/g) in the biodegradable film packaging, 2.3 log CFU/g in LDPE film package, and less than 1 log CFU/g (0.9 log CFU/g) in the perforated LDPE film package, after 7 days storage period. The results suggest that the biodegradable film with higher water vapor permeability can be used to maintain the quality and sanitary conditions (protection from microbial and insect contamination) of freshly harvested green peppers in modified atmosphere packaging.     

Evaluation of biodegradable film packaging to improve the shelf-life of Boletus edulis wild edible mushrooms

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) based biodegradable film packaging combining 0.5% nisin antimicrobial polypeptide on the physicochemical and microbial quality of Boletus edulis wild edible mushrooms stored at 4 ± 1 °C. The experiment was set up by packaging mushrooms with extruded PLA films containing 0, 7.5, and 15 wt.% triethyl citrate plasticizer. The low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film was used as the control. Mushrooms stored in PLA films containing 7.5 and 15 wt.% plasticizer provided better retention of quality characteristics and received higher sensory ratings compared to mushrooms stored in pure PLA film and LDPE film. Samples with these two treatments underwent minimal changes in texture, PPO activity, total bacteria count, and sensory attributes. Results suggest that nisin in combination with plasticized PLA film has the potential to maintain B. edulis wild edible mushroom quality and extend its postharvest life to 18 days.Industrial relevanceB. edulis is one of the most commercialized mushrooms worldwide. However, as with all fresh mushrooms, there are severe preservation problems. Extruded PLA films containing triethyl citrate plasticizer plus antimicrobial agent nisin proved to be a suitable technology for mushroom conservation. This material exhibits an environmental-friendliness potential and a high versatility in food packaging.