Effect of Co γ-irradiation on postharvest quality and selected enzyme activities of Pleurotus nebrodensis

Freshly harvested Pleurotus nebrodensis fruit bodies were exposed to four different doses (0.8-2.0 kGy) of ⁶⁰Co γ-irradiation and various physiological changes associated with postharvest deterioration, as well as the activities of selected enzymes (proteinase, polyphenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase) thought to play a role in the process of deterioration, were monitored during 22 days of subsequent storage at 4 °C and 65-70% relative humidity. An irradiation dose of 1.2 kGy significantly delayed (by 6-9 days) the onset of fruit body softening, splitting and browning compared with non-irradiated controls and test samples subjected to lower or higher irradiation doses. Irradiation with 1.2 and 1.6 kGy also had a positive effect on other indicators of mushroom tissue senescence, resulting in smaller decreases in soluble protein levels and more protracted increases in proteinase activity. Peak levels of polyphenoloxidase activity, widely recognized as causing postharvest browning of mushroom tissue, were also significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fruit bodies exposed to 1.2 kGy compared with non-irradiated controls. Our data increase our understanding of the effects of γ-irradiation on the biochemical changes associated with postharvest deterioration in P. nebrodensis, and improve the prospects of more targeted strategies for extending the shelf life of both this and other mushrooms.     

消除鲜食生菜中细菌污染的研究进展

随着营养均衡的饮食观念不断深入人心,人们对于鲜食蔬果的消费量不断上升。生菜这种广受中西方民众欢迎的蔬菜在日常鲜食食品中具有重要的地位。但是,生菜在种植、采摘、流通、销售等环节都可能会被细菌污染,这些细菌甚至包括金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌O157:H7等致病菌。一方面,细菌性腐败菌的大量污染会对生菜货架期造成影响;另一方面,致病菌的污染会造成消费者食物中毒。目前,已有大量消除生菜中细菌污染方法的研究,包括物理清洗、消毒剂杀菌、物理杀菌等。本文对这些细菌消除方法的使用以及优缺点进行系统综述,以期为后续研究或应用提供理论参考。     

Quantitative assessment of risk associated with dietary intake of mycotoxin ochratoxin A on the adult inhabitants in Shanghai city of P.R. China

Mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is considered to be a possible risk factor for adverse effects in humans. In the present study, quantitative assessment of risk associated with dietary intake of OTA was performed based on consumption habits of the representative adult inhabitants in Shanghai city of P. R. China. Firstly, a total of 400 food samples randomly collected from different locations of Shanghai were analyzed by the previously established isotope dilution LC–MS/MS method. Then, 265 participants of 70 males and 195 females as representative inhabitants were invited to answer the designed questionnaire about the quantity and frequency of foods including four major varieties of grapes, cereals, beans and dried fruits as well as their derived products. Finally, all data were simulated by the point evaluation and model evaluation for the risk assessment of OTA contamination. Results from the point evaluation indicated that mean value of daily intake (DI) of OTA was 1.147 ng/kg body weight/day, which was lower than all the reference standards. However, DI value (8.566 ng/kg body weight/day) in the high percentile (97.5th) was obviously higher than the PTDI (5 ng/kg body weight/day) proposed by Scientific Committee on Food. Among the different groups of foods, OTA in cereals and derived products made the largest contribution to the potential healthy risk. The mean DI value and 97.5th percentile were 1.093 and 7.962 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively, indicating that more than 90% of the risk was due to the contamination of OTA in cereals and derived products. On the other hand, similar results were obtained by the Monte Carlo assessment model. Thus, from the currently available data and analyzed results on the adult inhabitants, regarding OTA contamination issues on food safety administration of Shanghai, there was no significant attention which should be paid on food consumption in Shanghai, besides cereals and derived products with very little possibility as the risk factors.     

不同制粒工艺对饲料脂溶性维生素稳定性的影响规律研究

重点监测了不同调质温度下环模制粒和挤压膨化制粒过程中,不同加工环节饲料维生素A、D3、E活性的变化,评估调质温度和制粒工艺对饲料中脂溶性维生素稳定性的影响.试验采集混合后、调质后、制粒后和打包处的饲料样品,检测样品中的水分和维生素A、D3、E的含量.结果表明,调质温度和制粒工艺对饲料中脂溶性维生素活性有较大影响,饲料中维生素A、D3、E活性损失主要集中在调质和制粒阶段,随调质温度升高而增加,且挤压膨化制粒较环模制粒对饲料中维生素A、D3、E的破坏作用更大.     

辐照对盐酸克伦特罗降解效应的初步研究

采用电子束辐照处理盐酸克伦特罗,应用液相色谱串联质谱、红外光谱等技术研究盐酸克伦特罗辐照降解规律及辐解产物的结构,分析辐照对盐酸克伦特罗的降解效应。实验结果表明,原始浓度为18 mg·kg–1和45 mg·kg–1的盐酸克伦特罗水溶液浓度随吸收剂量增加而降低,且在吸收剂量为5 kGy和10 kGy时降解率达到90%以上;在低剂量下(≤5 kGy)盐酸克伦特罗分子的-OH和-Cl基团脱落,随着剂量的增加-OH,-NH2,-NH-和-C(CH3)3等基团也发生了不同程度的改变或脱落,表明电子束辐照可有效降解盐酸克伦特罗。     

农产品和饲料中常见真菌毒素的种类和危害

对黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、伏马菌素、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、展青霉素等常见真菌毒素的来源、种类、特点、毒性等进行了介绍,并进一步阐述真菌毒素对人类和动物健康的影响及国内外对农产品及饲料中真菌毒素控制的相关法律、法规和标准.     

An immunoassay for ochratoxin A without the mycotoxin

Phage display peptide libraries allow the selection of new molecules capable of mimicking the structural and functional features of native proteins or chemicals. This technology can be applied to developing new reagents, which may serve as the surrogate of the original objects. In order to screen peptides capable of mimicking ochratoxin A (OTA) in the interaction with anti-OTA monoclonal antibody (McAb) and establish the immunoassay for OTA, an anti-OTA McAb was used as the target for panning-elution selection from a phage random seven-peptide library. After four rounds of panning, 11 phages were found to be able to mimic OTA in binding with the antibody. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for detecting OTA was established with the phages. In the most sensitive assay, the linear range of the inhibition curve was 200–8000 pg/ml; the detection limit was 150 pg/ml. The inserted peptide sequences were deduced by DNA sequencing. The common amino acid residue sequence was IR(V)PMV(L)XX (X is any amino acid residues), which was verified by two synthesized peptides. The results demonstrated that those phage peptides could be used as the surrogate of OTA to establish the immunoassay.     

桑黄黄酮高产菌株筛选及菌丝体提取物生物活性研究

以菌丝生长速度、总黄酮含量及产量为主要指标,筛选桑黄菌株,获得了桑黄黄酮高产菌株;运用HPLC对菌丝体醇提物黄酮类化合物的种类及含量进行了比较,并进一步考察了菌丝体醇提物对L1210肿瘤细胞的抑制作用及对超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用。结果表明,PB-10菌株醇提物黄酮类化合物的种类及含量明显多于其他菌株,适宜作为桑黄黄酮发酵用菌株。PB-10菌株醇提物在250μg/mL浓度下,对L1210细胞抑制率可达82%;对超氧阴离子自由基清除的IC50值为2.3μg/mL,清除作用与总黄酮含量存在明显的量效关系。