不同贮藏温度对UHT乳品质的影响

UHT乳作为一种经超高温瞬时灭菌、无菌灌装生产的长货架期液态乳,具有品质优良,饮用方便等优点.但是在贮藏过程中,UHT乳经常会因残留酶或微生物作用而产生蛋白质凝块、沉淀或脂肪上浮等缺陷,从而影响UHT乳的品质.本研究通过UHT中试生产线无菌灌装制备PET瓶装UHT乳,将其分别置于7,25,37℃下保温观察,定期测定色泽、酪蛋白胶体粒径、蛋白质水解度及理化指标等变化.结果表明,贮藏过程中UHT乳发生的主要反应为蛋白质水解、脂质氧化和美拉德反应,UHT乳的pH值、游离钙离子含量和酪蛋白胶体粒径呈下降趋势,b＊值、蛋白水解度、脂质氧化程度呈上升趋势.120 d保温试验结束后,除37℃贮藏下的UHT乳色泽从第90 d开始发生明显变化外,各UHT乳样品并未产生明显的脂肪上浮和蛋白沉淀等现象.     

Synergetic effects of high-pressure carbon dioxide and nisin on the inactivation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Synergetic effects of high-pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) and nisin on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated. Changes in morphology, interior structure, and membrane permeability were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and flow cytometry. Synergetic effects were found, especially in S. aureus. HPCD alone or with nisin led to morphological and intracellular alterations in both bacteria, but nisin alone led to these damages only in S. aureus. A positive correlation between membrane damage and inactivation was found, but ratios of inactivation were higher, probably because of viable but non-culturable state. Mechanisms were proposed for synergism: for E. coli, outer membrane was damaged first by HPCD, and then HPCD and nisin jointly acted on and destroyed the cytoplasmic membrane, leading to further intracellular damage by HPCD; for S. aureus, HPCD and nisin acted on the cytoplasmic membrane together leading to cell death.Industrial RelevanceEscherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are two common microorganisms, which exist widely in the environment and easily contaminate food such as vegetables and dairy products, respectively. Considering heat treatment may destroy some heat-sensitive quality of the products, this study evaluated synergetic effects of high-pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) combined with the bacteriocin nisin. The investigations provided evidence for potentially combined application of HPCD and nisin to help keep food safe in the industry.     

Cross-linked chitosan polymers as generic adsorbents for simultaneous adsorption of multiple mycotoxins

The primary objective of this study was to synthesize three types of cross-linked chitosan polymers and further investigate their adsorption capability for multiple mycotoxins, including aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin (T2). Among these synthetic adsorbents, cross-linked chitosan-glutaraldehyde complex presented the highest adsorption capability for AFB₁ (73%), OTA (97%), ZEN (94%) and FB₁ (99%), but no obvious adsorption for DON and T2 (<30%). The effect of various incubation conditions (contact time, dosage and pH) was also studied. Subsequently, the experimental data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich and Hill models. The best fitting model to describe AFB₁ and FB₁ adsorption was Langmuir model (R² ≥ 0.99), with the theoretical maximum adsorption amounts of 5.67 mg/g for AFB₁ and 15.7 mg/g for FB₁. The Hill model was the best model for OTA and ZEN adsorption (R² > 0.98), with the predicted maximum adsorption amounts were 24.8 mg/g for OTA and 9.18 mg/g for ZEN. In addition, the adsorption capability of adsorbent for the simultaneous presence of multiple mycotoxins was also evaluated in buffer system and simulated gastrointestinal condition. The results indicated that the coexisted multiple mycotoxins didn't affected the adsorption capability of adsorbent, whereas the adsorption amounts of toxins were decreased by some gastrointestinal components. The findings of this research suggest that chitosan–glutaraldehyde complex has the potential to be applied as multitoxin adsorbent material for reducing the combined adverse effect of multiple mycotoxins on humans and animals.     

Addition of phytochemical-rich plant extracts mitigate the antimicrobial activity of essential oil/wine mixtures against Escherichia coli O157:H7 but not against Salmonella enterica

Marinades for preparing raw meats for cooking are frequently made of wine and herbs. We simulated several formulations of potential antimicrobial marinades with these components and other food compatible/food derived extracts. Red wine formulations containing essential oils from oregano or thyme, or their primary active components carvacrol and thymol, respectively, and a mixture of plant extract powders from phytochemical-rich apple skin, green tea, and olive, were evaluated for inhibitory activity against the foodborne pathogens Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica. Red wine alone exhibited low activity, as did the plant extract suspended in the wine. Surprisingly, the high activity of oregano or thyme essential oils in red wine was reduced in E. coli, but not in Salmonella, by addition of the plant extract. This study shows that essential oils in red wine can be an effective antimicrobial in food, however the possibility exists that phytochemicals, added to the treatment solution or natively present in the food itself, could adversely impact the antimicrobial activity and should be addressed with future studies.     

Optimization of Enzymatic Production of Oligopeptides from Apricot Almonds Meal with Neutrase and N120P

Neutrase 0.8L and N120P proteases were used for oligopeptide production from apricot almonds meal, and response surface design was carried out to optimize the effect of hydrolysis conditions on hydrolysis degree (DH) and oligopeptide yield rate. Four independent variables were used to optimize the hydrolysis process: hydrolysis temperature (X(1)), enzyme-to substrate ratio (E/S) (X(2)), substrate concentration (X(3)) and reaction time (X(4)). Statistical analysis indicated that the four variables, quadratic terms of X(1), X(3), and X(4), and the interaction terms with X(1) had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on DH. The yield rate was also significantly affected by the four variables and quadratic terms of X(1), X(2) and X(4). Two mathematical models with high determination coefficient were obtained and could be employed to optimize protein hydrolysis. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were determined as follows: hydrolysis temperature 52.5 °C; enzyme-to-substrate ratio (E/S) 7200 U/g; substrate concentration 2%; reaction time 173 min. The initial pH 6.5 and Neutrase-to-N120P dosage ratio 2:1 were fixed in this study according to the preliminary research. Under these conditions, the experimental DH and yield rate were 34.10 ± 5.25% and 72.42 ± 2.27%, respectively.     

脂肪酸、VE、甾醇与植物油脂稳定性的关系研究进展

对不同植物油脂中的脂肪酸总量、单一脂肪酸组分、脂肪酸组成比例模式与油脂稳定性的关系,VE异构体的相关关系以及与油脂稳定性的关系,各种植物甾醇组分及其与其他抗氧化剂协同作用与油脂稳定性的关系进行了论述,并对目前植物油脂稳定性研究存在的问题、发展方向、重点和趋势进行了展望.     

变温压差膨化干燥对芒果品质的影响

以凯特芒果为原料,采用变温压差膨化干燥技术,探讨了切条厚度、预干燥后水分含量、膨化温度、膨化压力差、抽空温度、抽空时间和停滞时间对芒果膨化产品的硬度、脆度、色泽、膨化度和含水率的影响.结果表明:芒果膨化的最佳厚度为6 mm;预干燥后水分含量、膨化温度和抽空时间是影响芒果膨化产品品质的关键因素;预干燥后,含水量在61.7...     

Quality assurance in pepper and orange juice blend treated by high pressure processing and high temperature short time

The impact of mixing ratio of pepper juice/orange juice (v/v) at 1:5, 1:2, 1:1, 1:0.5 and 1:0.2 on sensory attributes of pepper and orange juice blend (POJB) was studied, and the ratio of 1:0.5 achieved the highest ratings in mouthfeel and overall acceptability and was chosen for the following study. Effects of high pressure processing (HPP, 550 MPa, 5 min, ambient temperature) and high temperature short time (HTST, 110 °C, 8.6 s) on quality attributes of the POJBs were compared. Reduction of total aerobic bacteria (TAB) and molds and yeasts (M&Y) in the POJBs was > 4 log cycles after HPP and HTST, and the two POJBs were microbiologically safe during the whole refrigerated storage. The color, flavor, appearance, mouthfeel and overall acceptability of HPP-treated POJB were closer to untreated POJB than the HTST-treated one. After 25 days, 77.3% and 75.3% of total phenols content, 90.8% and 90.7% of ascorbic acid, and more than 80% of antioxidant capacity in two POJBs were retained, respectively. Particle size distribution (PSD) of HPP-treated POJB was consistent with untreated POJB (1 ~ 76 μm, 3 peaks at 4.2, 17, 52 μm), while HTST changed the PSD (1 to 33 μm, 2 peaks at 2.4 and 17 μm). Higher level of sedimentation in HPP-treated POJB during storage was interpreted by higher residual PME activity (67.0%) and larger and more unstable pulp particles. The POJBs behaved as Newtonian fluids, their viscosity right after processing were ranked as HPP > untreated > HTST, and the values were slightly reduced during storage.Industrial RelevanceThis study was intended to develop yellow sweet pepper and orange juice blend (POJB), which are not available on the market. Further this study was also intended to explore the application of high pressure processing (HPP) and high temperature short time (HTST) on quality assurance of the POJB. This study would provide technical support for commercialization of juice blend products treated by high pressure.     

High pressure CO2 reduces the wet heat resistance of Bacillus subtilis spores by perturbing the inner membrane

Spores of wild-type Bacillus subtilis PS533 were treated by wet heat at 75 °C for 30 min, and high pressure CO₂ (HPCD) at 6.5 MPa and 30 °C or 75 °C for 30 min. The spores were analyzed for wet heat resistance (85 °C, 90 °C, 95 °C) and typical germination events including DPA release and cortex hydrolysis, inner membrane permeability, and germination triggered by nutrient (L-valine and AGFK) or non-nutrient (dodecylamine and high pressure at 150 MPa or 550 MPa) germinants. The results showed that (i) HPCD-treated spores exhibited reduced wet heat resistance compared to the untreated or wet heat-treated spores; (ii) HPCD-treated spores did not undergo typical germination events such as DPA release or cortex hydrolysis compared to normally germinated spores; (iii) HPCD-treated spores released more metal ions and exhibited decreased ability to maintain DPA, indicating that the permeability of inner membrane of HPCD-treated spores was increased; (iv) HPCD-treated spores exhibited reduced germination rate when triggered by L-valine or 150 MPa, but increased germination rate when triggered by dodecylamine or 550 MPa, suggesting that the fluidity of the inner membrane of HPCD-treated spores might be increased. These results indicated that HPCD could reduce the wet heat resistance of spores, and this resistance decrease was probably due to the modification of the inner membrane caused by HPCD.Industrial relevanceThe extremely high wet heat resistance of spores makes them a significant problem in the thermal processing of foods. Thus, it of great interest to develop a process to reduce the wet heat resistance of spores. In this work, we found that HPCD can significantly reduce the wet heat resistance of B. subtilis spores, and this was achieved by perturbing the inner membrane of spores. These results can improve our understanding of the inactivation mechanism of spores by HPCD, and also provide an alternative approach for spore inactivation in foods.     

高压处理对花生分离蛋白凝胶特性和分子结构的影响

本文研究了质量浓度为5%的花生分离蛋白(PPI)在50-200 MPa压力范围处理5 min后的热凝胶硬度、弹性和粘结力的变化情况,并对处理前后的PPI进行了SDS-PAGE、圆二色谱(CD)、质谱和分子结构模拟分析。SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明,PPI中分子量为61.0 ku的亚基对压力最敏感,对此亚基进行质谱分析,结果表明压力处理后,此亚基的氨基酸序列未发生变化,含580个氨基酸,实际分子量为66.5 ku,为伴花生球蛋白Ⅱ的电泳条带,在此基础上进行分子模拟,发现其空间构象在100 MPa处理后发生了显著变化。CD结果表明,高压处理后,PPI的二级构象发生了显著变化。PPI热凝性结果表明,100 MPa处理后其形成的热凝胶硬度最大,为172 g,比未处理提高了49.6%,弹性和粘结力与未处理相当。以上结果说明压力处理使得PPI热凝胶特性得到了改善。