Floral origin markers for authenticating Lavandin honey (Lavandula angustifolia x latifolia). Discrimination from Lavender honey (Lavandula latifolia)

The aim of this study was to identify the botanical origin of Lavandin honey, a monofloral product of recent proliferation obtained from a hybrid of the species Lavandula angustifolia and Lavandula latifolia. Lavandin was authenticated here in chemical, palynological and sensory terms, and discriminated from the more common Lavender honey (L. latifolia).A total of 14 physico–chemical parameters, 26 pollen types, 13 sensory attributes and 80 volatile compounds were identified and/or quantified for this purpose.High concentrations of γ-nonalactone, farnesol and acetovanillone, which were for the first time identified as components of honey aroma in this study, together with several lactones, dehydrovomifoliol, 4-methoxyacetophenone and decanal are proposed as chemical markers for authenticating Lavandin monofloral honey. In sensory terms, increased scores for “caramel” and “peach compote” sensations, together with an increased Rubus pollen content, provide additional useful information for the accurate authentication of Lavandin honey and its discrimination from Lavender honey (L. latifolia).Results showed enough floral markers to authenticate the botanical origin of Lavandin honey allowing its marketing as monofloral rather than generic honey.     

Regulatory role of phosphoproteins in the development of bovine small intestine during early life

The small intestine is the primary site of nutrient digestion and absorption, which plays a key role in the survival of neonatal calves. A comprehensive assessment of the phosphoproteomic changes in the small intestine of neonatal calves is unavailable; therefore, we used phosphopeptide enrichment coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to investigate the changes in the phosphoproteome profile in the bovine small intestine during the first 36 h of life. Twelve neonatal male calves were assigned to one of the following groups: (1) calves not fed colostrum and slaughtered approximately 2 h postpartum (n = 3), (2) calves fed colostrum at 1 to 2 h and slaughtered 8 h postpartum (n = 3), (3) calves fed 2 colostrum meals (at 1–2 and 10–12 h) and slaughtered 24 h postpartum (n = 3), (4) calves fed 3 colostrum meals (at 1–2, 10–12, and 22–24 h) and slaughtered 36 h postpartum (n = 3). Mid-duodenal, jejunal, and ileal samples of the calves were collected after slaughter. We identified 1,678 phosphoproteins with approximately 3,080 phosphosites, which were mainly Ser (89.9%), Thr (9.8%), and Tyr (0.3%) residues; they belonged to the prodirected (52.9%), basic (20.4%), acidic (16.6%), and Tyr-directed (1.7%) motif categories. The regional differentially expressed phosphoproteins included zonula occludens 2, sorting nexin 12, and protein kinase C, which are mainly associated with developmental processes, intracellular transport, vesicle-mediated transport, and immune system process. They are enriched in the endocytosis, tight junction, insulin signaling, and focal adhesion pathways. The temporal differentially expressed phosphoproteins included occludin, epsin 1, and bridging integrator 1, which were mainly associated with macromolecule metabolic process, cell adhesion, and growth. They were enriched in the spliceosomes, adherens junctions, and tight junctions. The observed changes in the phosphoproteins in the tissues of small intestine suggest the protein phosphorylation plays an important role in nutrient transport and immune response of calves during early life, which needs to be confirmed in a larger study.     

Milk fat globule size,phospholipid contents and composition of milk from purebred and Alpine-crossbred Mid-Eastern goats under confinement or grazing condition

Milk fat globule (MFG) size and phospholipids (PL) content and composition were determined in milk collected at 65 (pretreatment), 110, 135 and 170 days of lactation from goats randomly assigned to grazing in Mediterranean brushland or fed clover hay indoors, in addition to concentrate. Daily feed intake and dietary contents of neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre were higher in grazing goats, associated with milk richer in fat, with larger MFGs and 20% higher PL content. Smaller MFGs, produced by all confinement groups, was associated with 15 μg g⁻¹ fat higher milk PL content. The greatest effect was found in the Damascus goats, with over 44% higher PL concentration, on milk fat basis, in the confined compared with grazing group. Our understanding of how PL content is modulated by the interaction between genetic background and nutrition will enable to achieve either PL-rich milk or PL-enriched milk fat.     

贵州蓝莓蜜TaqMan探针实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立与应用

该研究利用TaqMan特异性探针实时荧光PCR检测手段,建立了高效、精准鉴别贵州特色（中蜂）蓝莓蜜的方法。对贵州白竹林、麻卡和乌卡坪三个地域的蓝莓种植区蓝莓蜜进行采集（包括意蜂蓝莓蜜）,同时购买市售蜂蜜及加拿大蓝莓蜜,该方法通过采集贵州麻江县白竹林地区蓝莓种植园及蜂场周围蓝莓同花期26种植物样本,基于植物基因组中trnL基因序列的多序列比对,设计蓝莓trnL基因特异性引物,并进行TaqMan探针验证。结果表明,本研究设计的TaqMan探针特异性强,建立的TaqMan探针实时荧光PCR检测方法能检测到蓝莓花粉DNA最低浓度为0.3 ng/μL;利用建立的方法对11种市售蜂蜜和贵州蓝莓蜜样本进行检测,发现贵州蓝莓蜜的Ct值为24～26,蓝莓花粉数在800～1 700颗,其余蜂蜜Ct值在30以上,表明该方法能够有效实现贵州蓝莓蜜和其他蜂蜜的区分,具有良好的应用前景。     

Single- and multi-cycle high hydrostatic pressure treatment on microbiological quality of mud snail (Bullacta exarata) during refrigerated storage

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing is an industrial technology used for preservation of a wide range of food products, and vacumm-packed mud snails (Bullacta exarata) were HHP processed to ensure food safety and shelf-life stability. The effects of single- and multi-cycle HHP treatment, especially the combination of different intensities, on the microbial behavior and shelf-life extension of B. exarata during subsequent storage were investigated. Total microbial count, psychrophilic microorganisms, Clostridium bacteria, total Enterobacteriaceae and H₂S-producing bacteria were enumerated during subsequent refrigerated storage, and Gompertz model was chosen to predict the shelf-life, growth rate, lag time and generation time. The results showed that the initial microbial load was obviously reduced as the pressure increased. Total Enterobacteriaceae and H₂S-producing bacteria were not detected in multi-cycle HHP processing during refrigerated storage. Moreover, multi-cycle HHP method (B + F) could improve the shelf-life of B. exarata for more than 38 days. The model indicated that the lag time for Clostridium bacteria processed with multi-cycle HHP (B + F) was extended to 24.65 days. Our findings will be of aid for the establishment of general process guidelines, and demonstrated that multi-cycle HHP technology has potential for application in mud snail preservation and processing.     

杏花花粉中苦杏仁苷的提取工艺的研究

本研究探讨了从杏花花粉中用不同溶剂提取苦杏仁苷,及提取溶剂的浓度、料液比、超声时间、提取时间对苦杏仁苷提取工艺的影响,并采用紫外分光光度法定性、定量。结果表明：提取苦杏仁苷的最佳溶剂是乙醇,最佳提取工艺是浓度为100%的乙醇,料液比1：7,超声提取20min,振荡提取12h。杏花花粉中的苦杏仁苷的含量为6.1%。     

Antioxidant activity of propolis of various geographic origins

Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees from various plant sources. The antioxidant activities of propolis of various geographic origins, i.e., Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, China (Hebei, Hubei, and Zhejiang), Hungary, New Zealand, South Africa, Thailand, Ukraine, Uruguay, United States, and Uzbekistan were compared. Ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) were prepared and evaluated for antioxidant activities of EEP samples by the β-carotene bleaching and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay systems. Major constituents were identified in EEP by HPLC analysis with photo-diode array (PDA) and mass spectrometric (MS) detection, and quantitatively analyzed. EEP from Argentina, Australia, China, Hungary and New Zealand had relatively strong antioxidant activities, and were also correlated with the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents. Propolis with strong antioxidant activity contained antioxidative compounds such as kaempferol and phenethyl caffeate.     

Cell Wall Disruption of Rape Bee Pollen Treated with Combination of Protamex Hydrolysis and Ultrasonication

Bee pollen possesses a broad range of potential biological activities, but nutrient absorption and biological activities of bee pollen may be restricted due to complex pollen wall. This study aimed to investigate wall-disruption variations of Brassica campestris L. (rape) bee pollen treated with protamex hydrolysis, ultrasonication, and combination of protamex hydrolysis and ultrasonication. Pollen sample treated with these three treatments had higher specific surface area values and smaller particle sizes than the untreated sample. Protamex hydrolysis degraded the pollen coat and disintegrated the intine at the germinal apertures. Ultrasonication treatment cracked the pollen exine into fragments, but seemed to have little effect on the intine. The combination of protamex hydrolysis and ultrasonication can degrade pollen coat and entirely disrupt both the exine and the intine. The exine of rape bee pollen was disrupted into three fragments along germinal apertures.     

乳酸菌发酵对茶花粉营养成分及生物活性的影响

为研究茶花粉乳酸菌发酵前后基本营养成分以及生物活性的影响。以茶花粉为原料在嗜热链球菌和植物乳杆菌的共同作用下进行发酵处理后分析测定发酵前后基本营养成分,α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性以及清除羟自由基能力的变化。结果表明,乳酸菌发酵茶花粉发酵终点为72 h,发酵茶花粉与未发酵茶花粉相比,还原糖、脂肪含量有所降低,灰分、蛋白质、多酚、黄酮含量分别有不同程度的提高,对α-葡萄糖苷酶的半抑制浓度(IC₅₀)由49.09 mg/mL降低到38.79 mg/mL,并且清除羟自由基能力的半抑制浓度(EC₅₀)由4.49 mg/mL提高到5.78 mg/mL。该研究为茶花粉乳酸菌发酵产物的开发利用提供了实验参考。