抗性淀粉测定方法的研究

抗性淀粉的测定方法有Berry法、Englys法、Bjorck法、Champ法、Goni法等.以木薯抗性淀粉和抗性淀粉标准品为原料,通过对抗性淀粉的处理方法(AOAC法、Goni法)以及还原糖的测定方法(3,5-二硝基水杨酸法、D-葡萄糖法)进行对比,得到木薯抗性淀粉最适合的测定方法.同时也研究了样品多少对测定结果的影响.结果表明,AOAC-GOPOD法操作简单、准确性高、重复性好,酶用量充足,是测定木薯抗性淀粉的首选方法.     

Effects of different types of potato resistant starches on intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids under in vitro fermentation

The prebiotic effects of potato resistant starches RS1, RS2, RS3a, RS3b and RS4 were studied using simulated gut fermentation in vitro. The intestinal microbial composition was significantly changed by resistant starch (RS) after 24-h fermentation. All RSs (P < 0.05) decreased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B), and RS2 exhibited the lowest value of 0.95 ± 0.07. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium was significantly increased by RS4, whereas Megamonas and Prevotella were promoted by RS2. Further, RS4 produced the highest levels of acetate (138.34 µM), whereas RS2 produced the highest levels of propionate (41.45 µM) and butyrate (21.65 µM). However, Bifidobacterium did not promote the production of propionate or butyrate, even though it was proficient in fermenting RS. Megamonas and Prevotella were positively associated with the higher production of propionate and butyrate. Here, different RSs played key roles in promoting intestinal health, and RS2 especially showed more abundant probiotic functions.     

Cross-linked chitosan polymers as generic adsorbents for simultaneous adsorption of multiple mycotoxins

The primary objective of this study was to synthesize three types of cross-linked chitosan polymers and further investigate their adsorption capability for multiple mycotoxins, including aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin (T2). Among these synthetic adsorbents, cross-linked chitosan-glutaraldehyde complex presented the highest adsorption capability for AFB₁ (73%), OTA (97%), ZEN (94%) and FB₁ (99%), but no obvious adsorption for DON and T2 (<30%). The effect of various incubation conditions (contact time, dosage and pH) was also studied. Subsequently, the experimental data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich and Hill models. The best fitting model to describe AFB₁ and FB₁ adsorption was Langmuir model (R² ≥ 0.99), with the theoretical maximum adsorption amounts of 5.67 mg/g for AFB₁ and 15.7 mg/g for FB₁. The Hill model was the best model for OTA and ZEN adsorption (R² > 0.98), with the predicted maximum adsorption amounts were 24.8 mg/g for OTA and 9.18 mg/g for ZEN. In addition, the adsorption capability of adsorbent for the simultaneous presence of multiple mycotoxins was also evaluated in buffer system and simulated gastrointestinal condition. The results indicated that the coexisted multiple mycotoxins didn't affected the adsorption capability of adsorbent, whereas the adsorption amounts of toxins were decreased by some gastrointestinal components. The findings of this research suggest that chitosan–glutaraldehyde complex has the potential to be applied as multitoxin adsorbent material for reducing the combined adverse effect of multiple mycotoxins on humans and animals.     

嗜酸乳杆菌和乳酸链球菌混合培养及产物分析

嗜酸乳杆乳菌(LA)和酸链球菌(SL)在33℃培养48 h的发酵液中抑菌(金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25923)效果最好;2菌混培20h后生物量和体系总产酸量远大于各自纯培养,乳酸含量一直上升,到24 h达23.175 mg/L,乙酸含量一直稳定在12 mg/L左右,变化不大,乳酸与抑菌关系密切。LA和SL两菌混培接种比例的抑菌优先顺序为(1:1)、(2:1)、(1:2)。     

苜蓿黄酮的分离及其生物转化研究进展

苜蓿属植物资源丰富,并且含有大量的黄酮类物质。黄酮类物质具有多种生物活性及药理作用。本文对苜蓿黄酮的分离、结构鉴定以及黄酮苷的生物转化的最新进展等进行了总结,并对苜蓿黄酮的发展方向进行了探讨。     

预混合饲料中维生素A 3种提取方法的比较研究

目的比较预混合饲料中维生素A的3种提取方法。方法抽取10个预混合饲料样品,比较皂化提取法、直接提取法、二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO)提取法实验过程和维生素A的检测结果。结果皂化提取法提取过程时间(t=130.4min)较长,步骤(21步)繁杂,较其他2种提取方法检测结果准确性较差,平行性较差。直接提取法与DMSO提取法提取过程时间较短,步骤较简便,检测结果准确性较好,平行性较好。结论直接提取法可以作为快速检测预混合饲料中维生素A含量的手段,但检测结果使用受到GB/T17817-2010《饲料中维生素A的测定高效液相色谱法》限制。皂化提取法可用于低含量复杂样品检测。DMSO法提取法,相较于皂化提取法,操作简便,测试快速,检测值准确性较好,平行性较好,能过有效弥补直接提取法与皂化提取法的缺点。     

应用液相色谱―串联质谱仪和四极杆―轨道阱高分辨质谱仪检测饲料中克伦普罗干扰的原因分析与确证技术研究

目的 探究液相色谱―串联质谱仪(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer, LC-MS/MS)检测饲料中克伦普罗时, 环天冬氨酰苯丙氨酸对试验干扰的原因, 在此基础上探究出应用LC-MS/MS分析的确证技术与方法。方法 应用四极杆―轨道阱高分辨质谱仪和LC-MS/MS对环天冬氨酰苯丙氨酸、克伦普罗对照品以及含有环天冬氨酰苯丙氨酸的饲料样品进行分析。结果 饲料中含有环天冬氨酰苯丙氨酸对克伦普罗的检测干扰的原因为二者母离子及2个子离子的质荷比很接近, 且二者离子丰度比也很接近。应用LC-MS/MS分析的确证技术与方法为梯度碎裂离子片段依次匹配比较法。结论 应用LC-MS/MS检测会遇到假阳性的问题, 这是串联质谱结构与方法原理决定的; 建议调整克伦普罗的2个子离子为263.07>168.04, 263.07>132.06; 用LC-MS的梯度碎裂离子片段依次匹配比较法准确、实用。     

Altered mucosa-associated microbiota in the ileum and colon of neonatal calves in response to delayed first colostrum feeding

The present study investigated whether delaying the first feeding of colostrum affected ileum and colon mucosa-associated microbiota in calves. Twenty-seven male Holstein calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups, fed colostrum at 45 min, 6 h, and 12 h after birth, respectively. Ileum and colon mucosa were collected at 51 h after birth, and their associated microbial profiles were assessed using amplicon sequencing. Both ileum and colon mucosa-associated microbiota were predominated by genus Escherichia-Shigella. The negative correlation between the molar proportion of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ileum mucosa-associated opportunistic pathogens, and the positive correlation between the molar proportion of SCFA and colon mucosa-associated beneficial bacteria, suggest that SCFA might play an important role in maintaining the gut health of 2-d-old calves. A higher relative abundance of ileum mucosa-associated Enterococcus and Streptococcus was detected when the first colostrum feeding was delayed for 12 h. The relative abundance of colon mucosa-associated Lactobacillus tended to be lower in calves fed colostrum 12 h than those under the other 2 treatments, whereas that of Faecalibacterium tended to be lower in calves fed colostrum immediately after birth than those fed colostrum 6 and 12 h after birth, respectively. Our findings suggest that delayed first colostrum feeding affects the establishment of ileum and colon mucosa-associated bacteria, which may have long-term effects on gut health of calves.     

不同品牌霉菌毒素检测试剂盒的质量评价

目的评价当前国内外应用较广的9个不同品牌黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮、呕吐毒素检测试剂盒的准确性。方法选取3种不同浓度的质控样品、4种饲料原料样品(玉米干全酒精糟、玉米胚芽粕、麦麸、豆粕)、2种饲料产品样品(蛋鸡配合饲料、牛浓缩饲料)。采用3种不同浓度的质控样(用萃取液点板6个孔)的检测结果变异系数(variable coefficient, CV)作为精密度评价指标。采用质控样的6个单独检测结果变异系数作为系统的精密度评价指标,采用实际样品的检测结果评价试剂盒的适用性。结果呕吐毒素试剂盒CV值平均值2号品牌2.7%, 3号品牌3.4%。玉米赤霉烯酮试剂盒CV值平均值3号品牌4.6%, 2号品牌5.5%, 4号品牌5.4%。黄曲霉毒素B1试剂盒CV值平均值5号品牌3.3%, 8号品牌3.7%, 2号品牌4.1%。结论依据试剂盒精密度、准确度、灵敏度和适应性综合评估2号品牌呕吐毒素试剂盒综合结果优秀, 9号品牌玉米赤霉烯酮试剂盒综合结果较好, 5号品牌黄曲霉毒素B1综合结果较好。同时,就检测上述3种常见毒素而言,没有发现一个品牌的试剂盒可以同时在多个毒素检测上表现优秀。     

两种药食同源植物总生物碱的提取及其抗氧化作用

通过考察两种药食同源植物总生物碱提取率及抗氧化作用,为两种植物作为天然抗氧化剂的应用提供一定理论依据。采用超声波破碎法提取两种植物(马齿苋、蒲公英)的总生物碱,考察乙醇浓度、料液比、提取溶剂pH值、超声时间、超声功率和超声温度对两种植物总生物碱提取率的影响,确定两种植物总生物碱适宜提取条件。在两种植物适宜的总生物碱提取条件下,考察两种植物总生物碱提取率及抗氧化作用。试验结果表明,两种植物总生物碱提取率相差不大,马齿苋总生物碱提取率为20.48%,蒲公英总生物碱提取率为20.19%;通过考察不同质量浓度两种植物总生物碱提取物的总抗氧化能力,对ABTS+·、DPPH·、超氧阴离子、羟基自由基的清除能力和总还原能力,发现这两种植物总生物碱提取物都具有良好的抗氧化活性,可作为潜在的天然抗氧化剂在食品中应用。