热处理对茶花鸡肌肉中脂肪酸组成的影响

为研究热处理对茶花鸡肌肉中脂肪酸组成的影响,本文以300日龄的云南本地茶花鸡公鸡的胸肌和腿肌为研究对象,采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)检测胸肌和腿肌中脂肪酸含量,对其脂肪酸含量进行差异分析。结果表明在茶花鸡肌肉中共检测出32种脂肪酸,其主要脂肪酸为油酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸、花生四烯酸、硬脂酸及肉豆蔻酸。在原料肉中,胸肌和腿肌中总脂肪酸含量分别为3242.41与10026.31 μg/g,部位间存在显著性差异(P<0.05);胸肌与腿肌中脂肪酸类型以不饱和脂肪酸为主,含量分别占32种脂肪酸总量的60.92%与63.55%。经热处理后,胸肌中总脂肪酸含量比加热前胸肌中降低了9.37%(P<0.05),腿肌中总脂肪酸含量比加热前腿肌中降低了22.15%(P<0.05);胸肌、腿肌中脂肪酸以不饱和脂肪酸为主,不饱和脂肪酸含量分别占32种脂肪酸总量的59.38%与61.20%;胸肌和腿肌之间脂肪酸含量差异显著(P<0.05),腿肌的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量与胸肌有显著差异(P<0.05)。可见,茶花鸡胸肌和腿肌脂肪酸含量存在显著差异,热处理对茶花鸡胸肌和腿肌脂肪酸组成有明显影响。     

武定鸡肉中鲜味肽分离鉴定及呈味特性

利用超滤分级、凝胶过滤色谱法和反相-高效液相色谱法对武定鸡肉中鲜味肽进行分离纯化,结合感官评价追踪鲜味最强烈的组分,以纳升高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术与固相合成法对鲜味肽进行鉴定和合成,进一步分析鲜味肽的序列来源及其呈味特征。结果表明：从武定鸡肉中分离鉴定出8 条多肽,分子质量范围为365.20～1 735.92 Da,其中LDF、FVT和DLAGRDLTDYLMKIL这3 条肽段具有明显的鲜味活性,阈值在0.062～0.250 mg/mL之间,是武定鸡肉鲜味的关键组分。     

诺邓火腿产业化发展现状与对策

诺邓火腿产于云南大理的诺邓村,是云南名特产。诺邓火腿加工主要包括鲜腿的选择、修整、去血水、喷酒、上盐、抹盐泥、腌制和上挂发酵这八道工序。2012年因《舌尖上的中国》而出名,销量和价格一路攀升,产量供不应求,因此诺邓火腿产业化发展对当地经济发展有着重要的意义。本文主要介绍了诺邓火腿的加工工艺,包括诺邓火腿的历史和生产的地理环境,以及产业化发展的现状及存在的问题,并提出相应对策和解决方法,为诺邓火腿产业化发展提供参考依据。     

咖啡精油超临界CO2萃取工艺优化及理化特性分析

以云南保山小粒咖啡豆为对象,根据国家标准,测定生、熟咖啡豆的营养成分,在单因素实验的基础上,以响应面优化超临界CO₂萃取咖啡精油的工艺参数;测定生、熟咖啡精油理化指标,并通过气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器（GC-FID）分析生、熟咖啡精油的脂肪酸组成。结果表明:经烘焙处理后,熟咖啡豆中水分、水浸出物、咖啡因、总糖、粗纤维和粗脂肪含量与生咖啡豆中的存在显著差异（P<0.05）;超临界CO₂萃取生咖啡精油的最佳工艺条件为萃取压力25 MPa,萃取温度54 ℃,萃取时间150 min,在此条件下咖啡精油萃取得率为13.98%。烘焙处理前后,咖啡精油各常规理化指标无显著差异,且均符合国家标准要求。通过GC-FID分别检测到15和16种脂肪酸,其中亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸等为主要脂肪酸,烘焙对咖啡豆脂肪酸组成影响不明显,但各脂肪酸的含量存在一定差异。烘焙对咖啡豆及咖啡精油的各项指标均有一定程度的影响,为云南地区咖啡产业发展提供科学依据。     

武定鸡加工过程理化指标与特征风味变化研究

目的:研究云南武定鸡加工过程理化指标及挥发性风味物质差异,并对不同加工阶段水分和挥发性风味化合物的变化进行分析,为科学地控制云南武定鸡的加工过程提供依据。方法:测定了武定鸡加工过程中水分含量、色泽、剪切力、pH、脂肪含量和蛋白质含量的变化,并利用核磁共振(NMR)分析武定鸡原料肉、卤煮1 h、油炸1 min、及卤煮2 h四个加工工艺点中水分迁移的变化,同时利用气相-离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)技术测定不同加工阶段挥发性风味化合物的差异。结果:加工过程中,鸡肉的色泽、剪切力值、pH、蛋白质含量均呈上升趋势,在油炸阶段,肉样中脂肪含量最高。武定鸡经煮制加工后水分含量下降11.54%(P<0.05);不易流动水含量呈逐渐降低的趋势;与卤煮1 h阶段相比,自由水在油炸及卤煮2 h阶段分别增加了0.75%(P<0.05)与1.17%(P<0.05)。GC-IMS结果显示在卤制武定鸡的不同加工阶段挥发性风味物质差异明显,种类不断增加,苯甲醛和戊醛等化合物浓度逐渐提高,正己醇和丙醇等少数化合物浓度呈现降低的趋势。不同加工阶段挥发性风味化合物差异明显,武定鸡经加工后产生的挥发性风味化合物浓度更高。结论:武定鸡加工过程水分含量不断降低,水分状态不断变化,挥发性风味化合物浓度有所增加。综合各项理化指标来看,卤煮后的武定鸡不仅风味更佳,营养价值也有所提高。     

A validated strip-based lateral flow assay for the confirmation of sheep-specific PCR products for the authentication of meat

Molecular methods, such as PCR and real-time PCR, have been developed to detect species in meat and meat products. Despite good specificity and sensitivity, they are not widely implemented in food control programs due to complex operation or financial reasons. In the present study, a simple, rapid and affordable method, Sheep-PCR-Strip [Sheep specific polymerase chain reaction-Strip], was developed for the authentic identification of raw and heat-treated mutton. The assay is based on PCR amplification of sheep DNA, followed by detection of the PCR product by a strip format; the result can be read within 5 min by the naked eye. There is a real advantage of the strip approach rather in the reduced time (5 min versus electrophoresis) and avoidance of chemicals (e.g. ethidiumbromide). The sensitivity of the Sheep-PCR-Strip test was established to be 0.01% for the detection of adulterated meat; the limit of detection (LOD) was up to 0.01 pg of sheep DNA. The assay was also specific for sheep, and no cross-reactions were observed in other non-target species. It is a promising new tool for sheep identification and can be rapidly modified for other meat detection and widely used for solving problems related to food quality assurance, species authentication and traceability.     

Flavour formation in meat and meat products: a review

The characteristic flavour of cooked meat derives from thermally induced reactions occurring during heating, principally the Maillard reaction and the degradation of lipid. Both types of reaction involve complex reaction pathways leading to a wide range of products, which account for the large number of volatile compounds found in cooked meat. Heterocyclic compounds, especially those containing sulfur, are important flavour compounds produced in the Maillard reaction providing savoury, meaty, roast and boiled flavours. Lipid degradation provides compounds which give fatty aromas to cooked meat and compounds which determine some of the aroma differences between meats from different species. Compounds formed during the Maillard reaction may also react with other components of meat, adding to the complexity of the profile of aroma compounds. For example, aldehydes and other carbonyls formed during lipid oxidation have been shown to react readily with Maillard intermediates. Such interactions give rise to additional aroma compounds, but they also modify the overall profile of compounds contributing to meat flavour. In particular, such interactions may control the formation of sulfur compounds, and other Maillard-derived volatiles, at levels which give the optimum cooked meat flavour characteristics.     

可食性膜在肉及肉制品保质中的应用研究进展

肉类及其制品是极易腐烂变质的食品,其保质问题一直是学术界关注的热点。可食性膜由蛋白质、脂类、多糖组成,可作为天然活性物质的载体,为肉制品增加色香味以及各种功能性,既可有效延长肉制品的保质期,又不会对环境造成负担。不同的肉类和肉类产品需要特定的包装条件,复合生物基薄膜在肉类保鲜领域具有广阔的潜力。本文论述了可食性膜制备方法及其在肉和肉制品中国内外的应用研究现状,以期为功能性可食膜在肉和肉制品保质方面的应用提供参考依据。     

木姜子精油微胶囊制备工艺优化及其品质分析

以木姜子精油为主要原料,采用真空冷冻干燥法制备木姜子精油微胶囊,并以包埋率为指标,在单因素实验基础上结合正交试验,进行木姜子精油微胶囊包埋工艺的优化,以确定最佳工艺参数。同时进行木姜子精油微胶囊的质量评定,分析其理化性质、微观结构、及在储藏过程中精油的挥发率及过氧化值。结果表明,木姜子精油微胶囊包埋的最佳工艺参数为:复合壁材比（大豆分离蛋白:β-环糊精）为1:1（g/g）、芯壁材比1:5（g/g）、固形物含量15%、乳化剂含量3%、乳化剂配比1:4（g/g）、乳化温度40 ℃,在此条件下制备出的木姜子精油微胶囊包埋率可达到84.68%,水分含量、溶解度及堆积密度分别为3.05%、91.04%和0.35 g/cm3。扫描电子显微镜结果显示,木姜子精油微胶囊呈不规则块状。随着储藏时间的延长,木姜子精油微胶囊的挥发率和过氧化值均低于木姜子精油,表明木姜子精油通过微胶囊化,能够有效减缓精油的挥发速度,降低精油氧化程度。