An immunomagnetic-bead-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for sensitive quantification of fumonisin B1

A sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on immunomagnetic beads (IMB-ELISA) was established using a magnetic-bead signal-enrichment system. The immunomagnetic beads were coated with polyclonal antibody directed against keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), which were then coupled with a KLH–fumonisin B1 (FB1) conjugate. Anti-FB1 monoclonal antibody and sample extract were mixed and added to the immunomagnetic-bead solution. After the addition of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled goat anti-mouse antibody and the substrate solution, stop solution was added and the optical density of the reaction mixture was determined. To improve the performance of this method, the dilution of the immunomagnetic beads, the concentrations of the monoclonal antibody and HRP-labeled goat anti-mouse antibody, and the incubation time for the competition reaction were optimized. Based on the optimum conditions, the regression equation for this IMB-ELISA in quantifying FB1 was y = −0.3538x + 0.703 (R² = 0.9988). The detection limit and IC₅₀ were 0.24 ng/mL and 3.17 ng/mL, respectively. The working range was 0.54–26.3 ng/mL. The recovery rates were 80.4–114.7%, when the spiked concentrations ranged from 19.5 to 156.3 μg/kg. This IMB-ELISA is accurate and more sensitive and less time-consuming than the conventional ELISA.     

Growth of Escherichia coli,Salmonella enterica and Listeria spp., and their inactivation using ultraviolet energy and electrolyzed water,on ‘Rocha’ fresh-cut pears

The present study aimed at evaluating the growth of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Listeria spp. and studying the efficacy of Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation, acidic electrolyzed (AEW) and neutral electrolyzed (NEW) waters in the reduction of these bacteria on ‘Rocha’ pear. Fresh-cut pieces were inoculated and incubated at 4–20 °C for 8 days. Inoculated pears were treated with UV-C (2.5–10 kJ/m²), AEW, NEW and sodium hypochlorite (SH) and microbiological and quality parameters were evaluated. The three bacteria, inoculated at 6.1–6.2 log cfu/g, grew on the pear at high growth rates at 12 and 20 °C reaching populations of 8.1–8.6 log cfu/g, in 24 h. At 8 °C the microorganisms increased their populations by at least 1 log cfu/g in three days. At 4 °C adaptation phases of less than 24 h for Listeria spp. were measured before exponential growth occurred and the enterobacteria did not grow despite having survived for 8 days. AEW and NEW caused microbial reductions similar to SH, of approximately 1 log cfu/g, while the best UV-C dose (7.5 kJ/m²) of at least 2.4 log cfu/g. Fresh-cut pears were a good substrate for foodborne bacteria emphasizing the importance of preventing contaminations and cross contaminations. The UV-C was more effective than the chemical decontaminations, as it provided superior microbial reductions without greatly affecting the quality of pears.     

全自动样品处理平台在食用油脂中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯测定的应用研究

目的 建立一种在线全自动快速测定食用油脂中氯丙醇酯（MCPDE）和缩水甘油酯（GE）含量的分析方法,并考察植物油种类、温度等因素对GE转化为3-氯-1,2-丙二醇（3-MCPD）的影响。方法 参考AOCS Cd 29c-13基本原理,将样品置于全自动样品前处理平台进行水解、氯代、液-液萃取和衍生,采用毛细管柱（DB-5MS柱）分离,多反应监测模式（MRM）采集,内标法定量。结果 5种植物油中GE的转化率差异不明显,但温度的影响略大,当10℃下水解7 min时,MCPDE和GE水解基本完成。3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯（3-MCPDE）、2-氯-1,3-丙二醇二酯（2-MCPDE）和GE的检出限均为5μg/kg（以醇计）,在0～0.4μg/mL范围内浓度与峰面积比值呈良好的线性关系（决定系数R2≥0.999）;在20～2 500μg/kg范围内加标,MCPDE和GE的回收率范围为90.3%～109.7%,相对标准偏差（n=6）为1.3%～7.7%,精密度上全自动方法优于手工前处理操作。与食品安全国家标准方法（送审稿）进行对比,方法间结果具有可比性,将该方法用于FAPAS考核样的测定,结果满足...     

复合酶解带鱼蛋白制备亚铁螯合多肽的工艺优化

以带鱼下脚料蛋白为原料,以水解度及亚铁螯合率为考察指标,采用碱性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶及胃蛋白酶进行单一酶解筛选试验,然后进行复合酶解试验.采用二次正交旋转组合设计,以水解度及亚铁螯合率为指标,研究酶制剂种类、加酶方式、复合酶比例、总加酶量、酶解时间、pH值及温度对制备亚铁螯合多肽工艺的影响.综合考虑水解度和螯合率因素,最终确定复合酶解带鱼蛋白制备亚铁螯合多肽的最佳工艺条件为:总加酶量22 000 U/g,并以碱性蛋白酶与木瓜蛋白酶的酶活力配比4:6先后加入;酶解时间为碱性蛋白酶9h、木瓜蛋白酶8 h;pH值为碱性蛋白酶8.0、木瓜蛋白酶6.0;酶解温度为45℃.该条件下制备的带鱼蛋白亚铁螯合多肽产物水解度和螯合率分别为52.22％、82.31％.     

降血脂功能食品研究进展

随着生活水平的不断改善,高脂饮食摄入不断增加,体内脂质代谢平衡被打破,是目前高脂血症患者数量急剧增加的原因之一。具有辅助降血脂功能的食品种类繁多,按其主要功能因子分为多糖类、膳食纤维、维生素、皂苷及甾体类、生物碱类、蛋白、多肽、氨基酸、黄酮类、酚类、不饱和脂肪酸等。本文主要从降低胆固醇、降低甘油三酯和抗氧化剂三方面介绍降脂功能食品的研究与开发,为降脂功能食品相关研究人员提供参考。     

Characterization of radio frequency heating of fresh fruits influenced by dielectric properties

Because of its fast and volumetric nature, radio frequency (RF) heating has been looked upon as a way to overcome the problems associated with conventional heating methods used for disinfestation of fruits. But non-uniform heating within fruits is a major obstacle in adaptation of this technology. In this study, RF heating patterns influenced by dielectric properties (DPs) of fruits were investigated both experimentally and mathematically. A computer simulation model was developed using FEMLAB 3.4, a commercial software for solving Maxwell’s electromagnetic and Fourier’s heat transfer equations. Orange, apple, grapefruit, peach, and avocado fruits, selected for these studies were subjected to RF heating in a water filled container equipped with a mechanism to keep fruits rotating and moving during RF heating in a 27.12 MHz, 12 kW parallel plate RF unit. DPs of constitutional parts of the selected fruits were measured by open-ended coaxial probe method. The study showed that dissimilarity in peel and pulp DPs greatly influenced the RF heating behavior of the fruits. Core heating was prominent in apple, peeled orange and grapefruit; whereas subsurface/peripheral heating in whole oranges and grapefruit, and avocado. The computer model was an effective tool in characterizing and explaining the heating patterns in the fruits based on DPs. The study helped in better understanding the complex RF heating characteristics of fruits, which may be useful in assessing the design feasibility of product specific RF energy based treatment protocol.     

Profiles and concentrations of heterocyclic aromatic amines formed in beef during various heat treatments depend on the time of ripening and muscle type

Heterocyclic Aromatic Amine (HAA) profiles and concentrations depended on several factors. The largest changes in the HAA profile were observed in meat ripened (chill stored) for 5–10 days. Amines whos concentration varied most prominently included: Phe-P 1, harmane, AαC, IQ, IQx, PhIP, MeAαC, and MeIQx. HAA concentrations were strongly correlated with concentrations of the above compounds. Time of storage significantly affected the HAA profile and concentration. The profile changed dynamically for storage times up to 10 days. For longer times the profile stabilized, only the HAA content increased.A novel, highly precise and accurate HAA analytical method was developed for this study. Results may help to optimize meat processing technology from the point of view of reducing concentration of HAA formed during heat treatment, including the most carcinogenic; IQ, IQx, MeIQx and PhIP amines.     

Influence of variety and growth environment on β-amylase activity of flour from sweet potato (Ipomea batatas)

In order to select a suitable Ghanaian variety of sweet potato as enzyme source for the production of glucose syrups, four varieties of sweet potatoes – Sauti, Santom pona, Faara and Okumkom – cultivated in two different agro-ecological zones of Ghana were evaluated for β-amylase activity. Faara and Okumkom varieties harvested at 5 months maturity from the forest zone showed the highest β-amylase activity and consequently the most suitable potential enzyme source for the hydrolysis of starchy materials in glucose syrup production. Enhancing β-amylase levels in sweet potatoes has potential cost efficiency advantages in glucose syrup production.     

巴氏杀菌奶的微生物生长动力学模型研究

目的通过初级模型和二级模型来描述巴氏杀菌奶中微生物的生长动力学模型。方法样品放置在4、8、16、25、30、37、40和43℃条件下培养,使用IPMP 2013软件进行拟合,初级模型采用Huang模型和Baranyi模型分析不同温度下的生长动力学特征,二级模型采用Ratkowsky平方根模型、Huang平方根模型和Cardinal模型描述温度对其生长速率的影响。结果在所有温度下都能观测到微生物的生长,综合比较2种初级模型的均方根误差(root mean squared error,RMSE)、均方误差(mean squared errorMSE)、赤池信息量准则(Akaike information criterion, AIC)和生长速率,得到2种初级模型具有同等拟合效果;而3种二级模型得到的最低生长温度和最高生长温度分别是-3.191、0.56、-4.962和47.309、45.277、44.408℃。结论 Baranyi模型和Huang模型均适合描述巴氏杀菌奶中微生物菌群的生长,3种二级模型都能用于评价温度对其生长速率的影响,但Ratkowsky平方模型覆盖的温度范围更广,可能更适合描述温度对巴氏杀菌奶中微生物菌群生长的影响。     

巴氏杀菌奶微生物风险评估的研究进展

本文从常见的可能引发巴氏杀菌奶食用风险的食源性致病菌——金黄色葡萄球菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌,概述了微生物风险评估的内容,从微生物风险评估程序的四个步骤,即危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露评估及风险描述,分别对国内外金黄色葡萄球菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌进行了综述,并就国内外微生物风险评估在巴氏杀菌奶及其相关乳制品中的研究进展进行了综述,最后对巴氏杀菌奶的微生物风险评估在中国未来的发展方向作了展望。