四指马鲅鱼的营养成分分析

目的通过四指马鲅鱼的基本成分、脂肪酸组成和氨基酸组成的分析测定,对四指马鲅鱼的营养价值进行评价,为四指马鲅鱼相关产品的开发提供理论依据。方法采用国标方法测定四指马鲅鱼水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪;采用气相色谱-串联质谱法测定其脂肪酸含量;采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定其氨基酸组成,利用氨基酸评分、化学评分、必须氨基酸指数和蛋白质生物价对四指马鲅鱼进行营养评价。结果四指马鲅鱼肌肉因其高蛋白质(19.51%)、低脂肪(2.75%)而具有较高的营养价值。四指马鲅鱼肌肉总氨基酸含量高达84.0g/100 g,必需氨基酸指数为69.64,生物价更是高达90.37。它具有较高含量的多不饱和脂肪酸(33.98%),尤其是亚油酸含量高达26.85%。结论四指马鲅鱼蛋白质含量高,且人体必需氨基酸配比合理,为良好的蛋白质来源;脂肪含量低但不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,是一种优质鱼肉加工原料。     

东海乌参肽对小鼠酒精性肝损伤及肠道菌群的调节作用

目的：探讨东海乌参肽（Acaudina leucoprocta peptides,ALPs）对小鼠酒精性肝损伤和肠道菌群的调节作用。方法：将45 只C57BL/6N雄性小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、阳性药物组（80 mg/（kg mb·d）水飞蓟宾）、ALPs低剂量组（200 mg/（kg mb·d）ALPs）和ALPs高剂量组（400 mg/（kg mb·d）ALPs）。采用慢性酒精干预3 周后进行急性酒精灌胃建立小鼠肝损伤模型,检测小鼠血清和肝脏组织相关生化指标、观察肝脏和结肠组织形态学变化;取小鼠粪便进行16S rRNA测序,分析肠道菌群多样性。结果：ALPs可以显著改善小鼠的肝脏和结肠组织损伤,降低酒精性肝损伤血清标志物丙氨酸转氨酶和天冬氨酸转氨酶的活力,提升乙醇代谢相关酶的活力,抑制酒精性肝损伤小鼠肝脏中的脂肪蓄积,减少肿瘤坏死因子-α、白介素（interleukin,IL）-1β、干扰素-γ和IL-6的分泌及氧化应激标志物丙二醛的含量。ALPs显著改善小鼠肠道菌群的α-多样性和β-多样性,调节多种门、纲、科细菌的相对丰度,改善乙醇诱导的小鼠肠道菌群紊乱并使其趋于正常。结论：ALPs对乙醇诱导的小鼠肝损伤具有明显的保护作用,其机制与ALPs抗氧化、抗炎和改善肠道菌群紊乱相关。     

QuEChERS结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定果蔬中12种新烟碱类农药残留

目的 建立基于QuEChERS前处理技术结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测水果和蔬菜中12种新烟碱类农药残留的分析方法。方法 样品采用乙腈提取,上清液采用N-丙基乙二胺、无水硫酸镁(MgSO₄)和石墨化炭黑的QuEChERS基质分散萃取法净化,经InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C₁₈(100 mm×2.1 mm, 2.7 μm)色谱柱分离,以0.1%甲酸水溶液(含5mmoL/L乙酸铵)-乙腈为流动相,基质匹配曲线外标法定量。结果 12种新烟碱类农药在0.05～200.00 ng/mL范围内具有良好的线性关系(r²>0.99),方法检出限(S/N=3)为0.02～0.26 μg/kg。在2.0、20.0、50.0 μg/kg加标水平下的平均回收率为88.90%～118.00%,相对标准偏差(relative standard devi...     

鱼肉中盐酸小檗碱和盐酸氯苯胍残留的快速测定

传统的固相萃取和过膜技术存在操作繁琐、耗时长等问题。本文通过优化相关技术参数,整合通过式固相萃取(PRiME)和微孔滤膜技术,实现进样前操作步骤一体化。利用液相色谱串联质谱建立鱼肉中盐酸小檗碱和盐酸氯苯胍的定量检测方法。方法验证试验结果显示:盐酸小檗碱和盐酸氯苯胍在质量浓度0.5~100μg/L范围内线性关系良好,检出限(LOD)分别是0.51μg/kg和0.53μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)分别是1.67μg/kg和1.68μg/kg,日内精密度相对标准偏差范围分别为4.09%~4.48%和3.84%~3.90%,日间精密度相对标准偏差范围为5.17%~5.73%和4.23%~5.29%。在5,10,50μg/kg 3个水平下,盐酸小檗碱和盐酸氯苯胍的回收率范围分别为91.2%~93.2%和91.3%~92.4%;RSD范围分别为4.5%~4.6%和1.8%~5.2%。采用液相色谱串联质谱法测定市售活鱼中目标化合物残留,未检出阳性样品,说明盐酸小檗碱和盐酸氯苯胍在水产养殖方面使用情况良好,该检测方法符合痕量分析的要求。     

不同种类固相萃取柱对特医食品中香料含量结果的影响

在比较不同种类固相萃取柱净化效果上优化前处理条件,建立一种测定特医食品(FSMP)中11种人工合成香料的检测方法。对比Agilent Poroshell 120 SB-AQ和Ultimate LP-C₁₈2种色谱柱对11种人工合成香料的分离情况,研究Welchrom P-SAX、Welchrom C₁₈E、Captive EMR-Lipid、Welchrom P-WAX及Poly-Sery HLB这5种固相萃取小柱的回收率及不同配方食品基质的前处理提取方法。结果表明,选择不同类型SPE柱直接影响方法的灵敏度和精密度,Welchrom C₁₈E柱和Captive EMR-Lipid小柱均具有良好回收率,但Captive EMR-Lipid小柱方法的检出限比Welchrom C₁₈E柱的低1倍,且Welchrom C₁₈E柱的除脂效果不及Captive EMR-Lipid柱,滤出液较为浑浊,影响上机测定。5种固相萃取柱中,采用Captive EMR-Lipid固相萃取柱,11种标准混合物在高、中、低的添加水平的回收率为84%~107%(n=3)。试验从基层实验室实际应用需要考虑,针对不同基质特医食品样品,建立一种同时测定11种人工香料的提取和分析方法,该方法操作简单便捷,准确度高,易于批量处理,可用于特医食品中人工合成香料的筛查检测。     

Advance in food-derived phospholipids: Sources,molecular species and structure as well as their biological activities

BackgroundPhospholipids derived from different food sources have been extensively studied and widely used in different industrial areas, including food, animal feed, medicine, and pharmaceuticals. In recent years, the utilization of phospholipids, particularly bioactive ones, has gained attention, owing to their enrichment of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.Scope and approachThis article presents a detailed and up-to-date review on the sources, molecular species, and structures of food-derived phospholipids. Moreover, this review highlights the structure–activity relationship of phospholipids and provides mechanistic insights into their biological activities.Key findings and conclusionsFood-derived phospholipids have been isolated and characterized from various sources, including plant, animal, and aquatic sources. These phospholipids possess considerable differentiation in their molecular species and structure, owing to variations in the properties of the polar headgroup, the length of the fatty alkyl chain, and the degree of unsaturation. In particular, the molecular species of aquatic-source phospholipids show a substantial amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly EPA and DHA. The diversity in molecular species and structures results in different biological activities. Polar headgroups such as choline and amino groups, as well as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids, are crucial to our food system and health, especially regarding antioxidant activity, memory, improving immunity, and preventing cardiovascular disease.     

流化冰结合防黑剂、抑菌剂对南美白对虾的保鲜效果

为探索南美白对虾的鲜度保持和黑变现象抑制方法,采用流化冰结合防黑变剂（4-己基间苯二酚（4-hexylresorcinol,4-HR）、植酸钠）、抑菌剂（稳定态二氧化氯,ClO2）处理方式,检测贮藏过程中南美白对虾感官、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）值、菌落总数、质构及多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性变化情况。结果表明,贮藏12 d后,流化冰保鲜对虾头部褐变较严重、肌肉尚有弹性;流化冰结合4-HR或植酸钠、ClO2保鲜对虾,头部仅轻微褐变,肌肉紧密有弹性,感官品质明显优于单纯流化冰组;其中以流化冰结合0.030 g/L4-HR、0.05 g/L ClO2保鲜对虾的感官品质（L*、b*值）保持作用最佳。贮藏16 d后,流化冰保鲜对虾TVB-N值、菌落总数、弹性、咀嚼性和PPO活性,依次为9.43 mg/100 g、6.21（lg（CFU/g））、0.56 mm、7.43 mJ和10.83 U/g;流化冰结合0.030 g/L 4-HR、0.05 g/L ClO2保鲜对虾,以上各指标分别为15.87 mg/100 g、4.90（lg（CFU/g））、0.80 mm、8.55 mJ和7.67 U/g,该处理保鲜效果显著优于单纯流化冰组（P＜0.05）。研究表明,流化冰结合4-HR、ClO2处理,可满足南美白对虾捕后保鲜、远途运输及市场销售要求。     

Collagen peptides from Acaudina molpadioides prevent CCl4-induced liver injury via Keap1/Nrf2-ARE,PI3K/AKT,and MAPKs pathways

Collagen peptide from Acaudina molpadioides (AMP) showed antioxidative activity in H₂O₂-induced RAW264.7 cells in our pervious study. In this study, it was observed that AMP could effectively improve the morphology and function of liver in CCl₄-induced mice. After 200 mg/kg AMP treatment, the content of MDA in liver decreased by 62.3%, and the level of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT) increased by more than 65%. Western blot results disclosed that AMP (200 mg/kg) upregulated the Nrf2 level by 73.8% and downregulated Keap1 by 41.0% in CCl₄-induced mice liver. The levels of p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-p38 in 200 mg/kg AMP treatment groups decreased by 57.3%, 40.9%, and 40.6%, but the levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT increased by 162.6% and 60.3%, respectively. Furthermore, the trends of Nrf2, Keap1, p-ERK, p-JNK, p-p38, p-PI3K, and p-AKT levels in H₂O₂-induced RAW264.7 cells after AMP treatment were similar to the results in CCl₄-induced mice liver. These findings provided evidence that AMP exerted antioxidant activity via Keap1/Nrf2-ARE, PI3K/AKT, and MAPKs pathways in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, the collagen peptide from A. molpadioides might represent a novel functional food to prevent acute liver injury via attenuation of oxidative stress.     

天然鱼肝油脂肪酸指纹图谱研究及掺假鉴定

目的 建立一种天然鱼肝油脂肪酸成分的气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry)指纹图谱分析方法, 鉴定天然鱼肝油掺假问题。方法 脂肪酸经柱前衍生转化为脂肪酸甲酯后, 采用GC-MS联用方法测定脂肪酸指纹图谱, 选取13批具有代表性的样品建立共有模式, 选定15个脂肪酸峰为共有峰, 棕榈酸峰为参照物峰, 建立天然鱼肝油脂肪酸对照指纹图谱。借助“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统”软件, 以对照指纹图谱为参比, 计算样品指纹图谱相似度。结果 对收集到的48批样品经指纹图谱分析和相似度评价, 共检出3批掺假鱼肝油, 其中2批掺假鱼油, 掺假水平为20%及30%, 1批掺假植物油, 掺假样品比例约为6%。结论 本研究建立的脂肪酸GC-MS指纹图谱分析方法操作简便、准确可靠, 结合相似度评价方法, 为天然鱼肝油的质量控制和掺假鉴定提供了一种新的技术手段。     

基于脂肪酸特征指标的鳕鱼肝油掺假鉴定

通过分析鳕鱼肝油中各脂肪酸的相对含量及特征指标变化规律,建立鳕鱼肝油掺假鱼油的鉴定方法。鳕鱼肝油中所含脂肪酸经柱前衍生转化为甲酯后进行气相色谱测定,采用面积归一化法计算各脂肪酸相对总脂肪酸的相对含量。根据多样本脂肪酸相对含量分析结果,找出能有效识别掺假的特征性指标二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid,DHA）/二十碳五烯酸（eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA）值和鲸蜡烯酸相对含量,并确定其限度范围,DHA/EPA值为1.40～1.68,鲸蜡烯酸相对含量为7.0%～9.4%。当鳕鱼肝油样品中测得的DHA/EPA值和（或）鲸蜡烯酸相对含量超过此限度时,可初步判定该样品掺假鱼油。为进一步有效识别掺假水平,本研究探索建立一种以DHA/EPA值和鲸蜡烯酸相对含量为坐标的掺假模型,并绘制不同掺假水平的识别分析图,46 批样品经鉴定,有2 批样品疑似掺假25%的鱼油。该鉴定方法准确可靠、直观简便,可用于鳕鱼肝油中掺假鱼油的快速鉴定。