A fuzzy reasoning and fuzzy-analytical hierarchy process based approach to the process of railway risk information: A railway risk management system

Risk management is becoming increasingly important for railway companies in order to safeguard their passengers and employees while improving safety and reducing maintenance costs. However, in many circumstances, the application of probabilistic risk analysis tools may not give satisfactory results because the risk data are incomplete or there is a high level of uncertainty involved in the risk data. This article presents the development of a risk management system for railway risk analysis using fuzzy reasoning approach and fuzzy analytical hierarchy decision making process. In the system, fuzzy reasoning approach (FRA) is employed to estimate the risk level of each hazardous event in terms of failure frequency, consequence severity and consequence probability. This allows imprecision or approximate information in the risk analysis process. Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (fuzzy-AHP) technique is then incorporated into the risk model to use its advantage in determining the relative importance of the risk contributions so that the risk assessment can be progressed from hazardous event level to hazard group level and finally to railway system level. This risk assessment system can evaluate both qualitative and quantitative risk data and information associated with a railway system effectively and efficiently, which will provide railway risk analysts, managers and engineers with a method and tool to improve their safety management of railway systems and set safety standards. A case study on risk assessment of shunting at Hammersmith depot is used to illustrate the application of the proposed risk assessment system.     

基于HLA的电子战作战仿真系统研究

目前国内电子战仿真的研究主要集中在单对单或少量装备之间对抗的研究，从建立的仿真系统来看，很少涉及在战术战役层多武器的电子战作战仿真的研究。该文针对以上问题，以系统的体系架构为系统设计的首要出发点，展开了战术战役层多武器的电子战作战仿真研究。该文首先介绍了基于HLA的电子战作战仿真系统逻辑体系架构的设计思想，然后具体阐述了系统各逻辑模块的结构设计，最后，以一个简化的压制性雷达干扰作战仿真为例，从系统开发的角度分析了基于HLA电子战仿真系统开发过程与方法。该文对战术战役层多武器的电子战作战仿真进一步研究具有一定的意义。     

The Atmospheric Scanning Electron Microscope with open sample space observes dynamic phenomena in liquid or gas

Although conventional electron microscopy (EM) requires samples to be in vacuum, most chemical and physical reactions occur in liquid or gas. The Atmospheric Scanning Electron Microscope (ASEM) can observe dynamic phenomena in liquid or gas under atmospheric pressure in real time. An electron-permeable window made of pressure-resistant 100 nm-thick silicon nitride (SiN) film, set into the bottom of the open ASEM sample dish, allows an electron beam to be projected from underneath the sample. A detector positioned below captures backscattered electrons. Using the ASEM, we observed the radiation-induced self-organization process of particles, as well as phenomena accompanying volume change, including evaporation-induced crystallization. Using the electrochemical ASEM dish, we observed tree-like electrochemical depositions on the cathode. In silver nitrate solution, we observed silver depositions near the cathode forming incidental internal voids. The heated ASEM dish allowed observation of patterns of contrast in melting and solidifying solder. Finally, to demonstrate its applicability for monitoring and control of industrial processes, silver paste and solder paste were examined at high throughput. High resolution, imaging speed, flexibility, adaptability, and ease of use facilitate the observation of previously difficult-to-image phenomena, and make the ASEM applicable to various fields.     

沂沭河底泥中污染物空间分布特征及评价

测定沂沭河底泥的有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及有效磷含量,分析了污染物之间的相关性,评价了沂沭河底泥的污染状况.结果表明:沂沭河流域表层沉积物中TN、TP分布特性相似,沂河中OM含量远低于沭河,OM、TN、TP分布的空间差异较大.有效磷含量约占TP含量的17.7％,表明农田及人类活动对流域水环境造成了一定...     

Efficacy of low concentration neutralised electrolysed water and ultrasound combination for inactivating Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pichia pastoris GS115 and Aureobasidium pullulans 2012 on stainless steel coupons

The sanitising effect of low concentration neutralised electrolysed water (LCNEW, pH: 7.0, free available chlorine (FAC): 4 mg/L) combined with ultrasound (37 kHz, 80 W) on food contact surface was evaluated. Stainless steel coupon was chosen as attachment surface for Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pichia pastoris GS115 and Aureobasidium pullulans 2012, representing bacteria, yeast and mold, respectively. The results showed that although LCNEW itself could effectively reduce survival population of E. coli ATCC 25922, P. pastoris GS115 and low concentration A. pullulans 2012 in planktonic status, LCNEW combined with ultrasound showed more sanitising efficacy for air-dried cells on coupons, with swift drops: 2.2 and 3.1 log CFU/coupon reductions within 0.2 min for E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. pastoris GS115, respectively and 1.0 log CFU/coupon reductions within 0.1 min for A. pullulans 2012. Air-dried cells after treatment were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM)/optical microscopy (OM) and protein leakage analyses further. All three strains showed visible cell damage after LCNEW and LCNEW combined with ultrasound treatment and 1.41 and 1.73 μg/mL of protein leakage were observed for E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. pastoris GS115, respectively after 3 min combination treatment, while 6.22 μg/mL of protein leakage for A. pullulans 2012 after 2 min combination treatment. For biofilms, LCNEW combined with ultrasound also significantly reduced the survival cells both on coupons and in suspension for all three strains. The results suggest that LCNEW combined with ultrasound is a promising approach to sanitise food equipment.     

NIM铯原子喷泉实现MOT—OM原子云并冷却到10μK

报道了中国计量科学研究院（NIM）研制新一代“激光冷却－铯原子喷泉”国家时间频率基准装置的进展。实现了铯（Cs)原子从磁光阱(MOT)过渡到光学阻尼(OM)装载－冷却，利用飞行时间法记录到信噪比优于40的原子云荧光信号；原子经后冷却达到（10－15）μK；用OM从铯蒸气直接获得了冷原子云。     

香豆素类荧光增白剂OM的合成

采用 β-萘酚为基本原料,经Reimer-Tiemann反应合成了2-羟基 -1-萘甲醛,在催化剂存在下进一步与苯乙酸进行缩合反应合成香豆素类荧光增白剂3-苯基 -5,6-苯并α -吡喃酮.该合成工艺反应条件温和,产品总收率达65%,纯度>99%     

All Night Long: The Architectural Jazz of the Texas Rangers

In the mid-1950s, a group of young faculty at the University of Texas School of Architecture in Austin - aka the Texas Rangers - entertained themselves with weekly sessions of a sophisticated, collective drawing game, ‘Dot-the-Dot’, in which there was an emphasis on inventive fluency in hand drawing as well as an innate knowledge of historic European city plans. What happened when Mark Morris , Visiting Associate Professor at Cornell University, decided in a design studio to ask present-day students to revive the game?     

一个基于高级仿真构架（HLA）的计算机仿真系统的设计

本文结合雷达电子对抗仿真实例,论述了基于ＨＬＡ的分布交互式多机仿真系统ＹＨ－ＮＩ／ＮＲ的体系结构,运行支持系统,仿真应用对象模,联邦总管和通信网络,及其设计与实现问题。     

DWDM技术的多样性及其特点

本文主要介绍ＤＷＤＭ技术各功能模块和系统实现的技术多样性及其特点。