Simultaneous Microwave Extraction and Separation of Volatile and Non-Volatile Organic Compounds of Boldo Leaves. From Lab to Industrial Scale

Microwave extraction and separation has been used to increase the concentration of the extract compared to the conventional method with the same solid/liquid ratio, reducing extraction time and separate at the same time Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) from non-Volatile Organic Compounds (NVOC) of boldo leaves. As preliminary study, a response surface method has been used to optimize the extraction of soluble material and the separation of VOC from the plant in laboratory scale. The results from the statistical analysis revealed that the optimized conditions were: microwave power 200 W, extraction time 56 min and solid liquid ratio of 7.5% of plants in water. Lab scale optimized microwave method is compared to conventional distillation, and requires a power/mass ratio of 0.4 W/g of water engaged. This power/mass ratio is kept in order to upscale from lab to pilot plant.     

自生动态膜生物反应器处理城市污水的中试研究

分别利用筛绢和钢丝网作为自生动态膜生物反应器的基材并进行了处理城市污水的中试研究.结果表明,钢丝网组件和筛绢组件的出水水质相差不大,出水COD分别为57.5 mg/L和50.4 mg/L,NH 4-N分别为1.39 mg/L和2.84 mg/L;在运行了25 min后出水浊度可降至5NTU以下并保持稳定;出水SS接近于零.钢丝网组件的平均通量为30.3 L/(m2·h),筛绢组件的平均通量为51.9 L/(m2·h),后者比前者高71%,但钢丝网的强度明显高于筛绢.     

STUDY OF SOLID-LIQUID EXTRACTIONS IN A BATCH EQUIPMENT

A batch pilot-scale apparatus is described for the study of processes for obtaining phyto-extracts using solvents. The distinctive feature of the equipment is that it provides the efficiency of a multi-stage counter-current extraction, yet uses only a single batch extractor (as opposed to a battery of extractors). This is achieved by using an auxiliary tank in which intermediate extracts are saved and recirculated in a pre-established order. Careful design of the mechanisms for the circulation of liquid from such tanks has resulted in an apparatus that is compact and has simple, flexible operation. A prototype of this apparatus was constructed for the study of the direct extraction of oil from sunflower seeds using hexane A simple model that describes the operation of the equipment is presented and applied to our experimental work with oilseeds.     

基于生物阴极MFC的PRB中试系统处理AMD研究

为研究基于SRB生物阴极微生物电池(MFC)的固定化硫酸盐还原菌可渗透反应墙(PRB)对提高PRB处理酸性矿井废水(AMD)效果的影响,构建了中试系统,考察了进水不同p H值、重金属离子浓度及不同HRT对系统处理AMD效果的影响。结果表明:(1)MFC区有很好的调节p H功能,进水p H=3,仍能调节PRB生化反应区进水及系统出水稳定在6.5左右。(2)重金属离子的去除以MFC区为主,系统最终出水重金属离子去除率在95%左右;调节HRT=4~2 d,Fe~(2+),Cu~(2+),Zn~(2+),Ni~(2+)去除速率750~1 500 mg/(m~3·h),而Mn~(2+)去除速率略低为600~1 000 mg/(m~3·h)。(3)硫酸根的去除速率随碳源减少呈下降趋势;MFC外电压随碳源以及菌量的变化而显著变化。     

Characterization and Treatment of Leachates from Hong Kong Landfill Sites

Development of a large landfill site in the North-Eastern New Territories of Hong Kong, which will receive 25 million m³ of wastes during a life of about 13 years, must include the provision of a scheme to manage leachates which will arise in the tropical climate of the region.
The paper presents detailed results from a study commissioned by the Environmental Protection Department of the Hong Kong Government, to characterize and treat leachates generated by landfills in Hong Kong, in order to design a suitable management scheme. Field and laboratory trials which were carried out during 1989 showed that, although leachates from Hong Kong landfills have some specific characteristics (e.g. concentrations of amm.N to 5000 mg/l), they can be treated to high standards by aerobic biological processes.
As a result of these studies, a scheme has been designed which will provide a high degree of environmental protection in respect of leachate, as the landfill is developed.     

变频控制溶解氧和低温下SBR工艺实时控制策略的实现及中试

针对现今序批式活性污泥法(SBR)污水处理厂大多采用灵活性差的定时控制策略的现状,建立实时控制策略强化SBR工艺的性能,提高低温条件下的系统稳定性.采用体积为8.8m3的中试SBR应用定时控制策略长期处理生活污水,采用变频技术控制SBR曝气阶段ρDO保持恒定,同时在低温条件下考察硝化终点时频率,曝气时间与温度之间的经验关系式,最后建立低温条件下的实时控制策略,并将其应用到中试SBR中.结果表明,实时控制策略在SBR系统中得到成功应用,且在低温条件(11～18℃)下稳定运行100 d,出水ρCOD低于50kg/m3,出水ρTN低于5 g/m3,出水COD和TN平均去除率分别达到80%和95%以上,出水水质达到一级A排放标准.     

马克斯克鲁维酵母的中试发酵研究

对马克斯克鲁维酵母（Kluyveromyces marxianus）的细胞积累展开中试发酵,并且在其培养过程中研究菌体的生长情况以及呼吸参数和代谢产物的变化规律。结果表明,通过摇瓶和3 L发酵罐的分批培养,从6株马克斯克鲁维酵母中确定了马克斯克鲁维酵母菌株F#在生长方面更具优势。利用带有尾气分析仪的50 L发酵罐对菌株F#进行分批培养和流加培养,确定了菌株F#存在Crabtree效应。并且通过线上监测呼吸商（RQ）、发酵液pH和溶氧的变化情况,以合适的补料工艺减弱了菌株F#的Crabtree效应,培养12 h后细胞干质量达（54.37±3.3）g/L,实现了细胞的大量积累,对马克斯克鲁维酵母的工业生产具有一定指导意义。     

基于流态改进的仓式微电解反应器处理油田废水研究

针对传统型Fe-C微电解反应器(1~#)易堵塞、易短流的缺点,设计了改进型仓式微电解反应器(2~#),并比较了两种反应器对胜利油田某采油厂废水的处理效果。结果表明,在pH值为4、进水流速为0.2m/s、反应区高度为40cm、进水COD值为480mg/L的条件下,2#和1#最佳反应时间分别为30min和60min,COD去除率分别为86%和70%,浊度去除率分别为98.4%和94%。2~#反应器通过改善流态,增大了废水与电解质材料的接触面积,缩短了水力停留时间,提高了COD和浊度的去除率。某油田的中试结果表明,2#反应器对高浓措施废液悬浮物、黏度、总铁、总硬度平均去除率分别为38.78%～42.31%、12.54%～32.38%、69.23%～71.17%和37.29%～61.76%,较改进前均有较大提高,处理后水质达到该油田采出水回注技术指标要求。     

城镇污水处理厂硫自养反硝化深度脱氮研究

为了探究硫自养反硝化滤池用于城镇污水处理厂中水的深度脱氮效能,通过中试实验模拟实际生产情况,以邯郸市东污水处理厂为研究对象,分析中试运行问题并核算运行成本。结果表明：中试系统处理规模为200 m³/d,直接运行成本为0.13元/m³;硝酸盐氮的去除率在98%以上,去除效果显著;能在不影响其他出水指标的情况下有效地降低出水总氮。