A comparative study on hygroscopic and physiochemical properties of chicken powders obtained by different drying methods

Abstract

Different drying methods (spray drying (SD), vacuum drying (VD), microwave vacuum drying (MVD), and infrared vacuum drying (IFVD)) were applied in order to compare the hygroscopicity behavior of chicken powders. The hygroscopicity curves and glass transition temperature were used to evaluate the influence of ambient humidity and temperature on moisture absorption of powders. The results showed that the chicken powder dried by MVD had the lowest moisture absorption, followed by IFVD, VD, and SD. The hygroscopicity of SD chicken powders was different from other three kinds of chicken powders due to the physical properties of particles and the changes of protein secondary structure as detected by the Fourier transform-infrared spectrometer. For the three vacuum drying methods, the difference of protein secondary structure was the main reason of differences in hygroscopicity. Although MVD chicken powders were slightly inferior to SD chicken powders in taste, MVD chicken powders were the best in terms of smell and color as suggested by instrumental sensory parameter evaluations. It was found that MVD had a positive effect on reducing moisture absorption and maintaining sensory quality of chicken powders.     

Precipitating spinel into precursor glass and its assistance in crystallization

The crystallization phenomena of spinel in CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-Fe₂O₃ glass have received much attention due to the particular role in preparation of glass-ceramic materials, which represent an effective option to manage hazardous waste. In this study, both preliminary spinel and secondary spinel were precipitated in the precursor glass. The formation of these spinel was meticulously assessed by a combination of X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. The structure of the microenvironment in the precursor glass was characterized by Raman spectrums. These advanced techniques highlight the potential for one-step crystallization of the glass. The investigation, which focused on one-step crystallization, demonstrated the growth of pyroxene on spinel accompanying a migration of chromium. The results also show the microstructure of the obtained glass-ceramic was very dependent on the heat-treat temperature. This study not only unambiguously reveals the precipitation mechanisms of spinel but also provides more documentation for one-step crystallization in the glass-ceramics field.     

Tuning effect of silicon substitution on magnetic and high frequency electromagnetic properties of R2Fe17 and their composites

In this work, we report the tuning effect of the Si substitution on the magnetic and high frequency electromagnetic properties of R₂Fe₁₇ compounds and their paraffin composites. It is found that the introduction of Si can remarkably improve the magnetic and electromagnetic properties of the R₂Fe₁₇ compounds, making the R₂Fe_17–xSi_x-paraffin composites excellent microwave absorption materials (MAMs). By introducing the Si element, their saturation magnetizations decrease slightly, while much higher Curie temperatures are obtained. Furthermore, better impedance match is reached due to the decrease of the high-frequency permittivity ε′ by about 40%–50%, which finally enhances the performance of the microwave absorption. The peak frequency (f_RL) of the reflection loss (RL) curve moves toward high frequency domain and the qualified bandwidth (QB, RL ≤ ?10 dB) increases remarkably. The maximum QB of 3.3 GHz (12.0–15.3 GHz) is obtained for the Sm_1.5Y_0.5Fe₁₅Si₂-paraffin composite (d = 1.0 mm) and the maximum RL of ?53.6 dB is achieved for Nd₂Fe₁₅Si₂-paraffin composite (d = 2.2 mm), both surpassing most of the reported MAMs. Additionally, a distinguished dielectric microwave absorption peak is observed, which further increases the QB in these composites.     

北京谱仪漂移室读出电子学校准电路

本文介绍的电路可同时进行时间和电荷校准,它的校准量程大,精度高,稳定性好,可输出864路指数形校准信号,并可手动或程控。它的时间校准精度优于±250ps,电荷量校准精度优于±1％。     

核磁共振谱的岩石孔喉结构分析

刘堂宴 ,王绍民 ,傅容珊 ,周明顺 ,李艳华 ,罗曼 .核磁共振谱的岩石孔喉结构分析 .石油地球物理勘探 ,2 0 0 3,38(3) :32 8～ 333岩心核磁共振 T2 谱和压汞分析数据均在一定程度上反映了岩石的孔喉结构 ,理论分析表明 ,这两组数据具有相关性。应用岩心核磁共振 T2 谱研究岩石孔喉结构 ,关键是确定 T2 与 Pc的转换系数。但以前的方法在 T2与 Pc 的转换过程中 ,需要涉及某些岩石特性参数 ,实用中有一定困难。本文直接利用岩心核磁共振 T2 谱和压汞分析数据之间的相关性 ,客观地确定 T2 与 Pc之间的转换系数 ,避免了确定岩石特性参数的困难。应用本文方法 ,对 6块岩心的多种核磁共振分析数据进行了对比分析 ,做出了 NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,简称NMR) T2 毛管力曲线和孔喉半径分布 ,并将这些结果与压汞分析的结果进行了对比。结果表明 ,岩心 NMR T2谱在实用性和评价精度上均略显优势 ;至少是在饱含油的条件下 ,岩心的 NMR T2 谱可以用于研究孔喉结构分布 ,油气的弛豫特性作为影响背景值存在 ,对于评价结果没有明显的影响 ;在全部 6块岩心中 ,T2 与 Pc 的转换系数位于 2 5 0 0～ 4 0 0 0μs· MPa之间。     

北京市危旧房改造的多目标分解模式

由于政府、居民、开发商之间复杂的博弈,北京市1990年提出的综合性危改目标遇到了很大的挑战,为解决这一问题,本文提出危旧房改造的目标分解模式,即建立一个以危改区域或危改项目为导向的危改目标实现框架,将北京市危旧房改造的多重目标进行分解,然后制定相应的分目标政策,建立相应的分目标制度,采取相应的分目标措施,最终从总体上实现危旧房改造的目标,主导目标的确定应遵循四个基本原则,最后提出几个政策建议。     

城市化对降雨特征影响研究

根据北京城郊雨量站1959～2001年逐月降雨资料，分析了北京城市化对降雨特征的影响。分析表明，城市化使北京地区降雨量等值线加密、年雨量增加，使城区雨量变差系数变化大于郊区。分析北京城市化对降雨特征的影响，可为城市雨洪排水工程设计提供参考。     

浅谈京津冀都市圈区域水资源战略

京津冀都市圈区域发展已纳入国家整体发展战略，在全国占有十分重要的地位。但京津冀都市圈面临着水资源缺乏、生态恶化、水污染等一系列水问题，严重影响了区域经济社会发展。针对存在的问题，要构建区域新型水资源配置格局，提高城乡供水保证率；积极建设节水型社会；加快农村水利基础设施建设，解决农村居民饮水安全：加强水生态系统保护与修复；做好饮用水水源地保护和水功能区管理；做好跨省河流的水量分配。     

北京谱仪Ⅱ（BESⅡ）顶点探测器数据获取系统

北京谱仪（ＢＥＳⅡ）顶点探测器数据获取系统是北京谱仪数据获取系统的一部分，该子系统电子学采用快总线标准，本文描述了该系统的硬件结构和软件系统，软件包括快总线系统的微码软件和上层控制软件，该系统的死时间为１．５ｎｓ，对ＢＥＳⅡ系统总死时间的贡献小于０．５ｍｓ。     

Antimicrobial resistance and R-factor transfer of salmonellae isolated from chicken carcasses in Greek hospitals

A total of 62 salmonellae, belonging to six different serotypes, were isolated from 60 out of 87 (69.0%) chicken carcasses delivered to hospitals of Thesssaloniki, Greece. Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella anatum and Salmonella bredeney were the most prevalent serovars. Isolates were examined for antibiotic resistance patterns and R-determinants. Resistance to at least one antibiotic was observed in 36 (58.1%) of them and 18 different resistant profiles were recorded. Nitrofurantoin-resistance was the most common (29.0%), followed by spectinomycin (21.0%), ampicillin (19.4%) and ticarcillin (19.4%). Fourteen (38.9%) of the resistant isolates possessed R-factors and resistance to ampicillin, ticarcillin, trimethoprim and kanamycin was easily self-transferable. However, nitrofurantoin- and spectinomycin-resistance although prevailing, was not found transferable even after mobilization. The high incidence of antibiotic resistant salmonellae among chicken carcasses in our hospital setting suggests the need for public health interventions and possible withdrawal of drug selective pressure.