患"颤抖病"中华绒螯蟹血细胞中类立克次体寄生的超微结构观察

本文对患“颤抖病”的中华绒螯蟹血细胞内类立克次体生物RLOs的寄生及繁殖特性进行了超微结构研究。正常中华绒螯蟹的血细胞可分为三类；无颗粒细胞、小颗粒细胞、小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞，而RLOs只特异性地侵染小颗粒细胞。RLOs以胞吞的方式进入小颗粒细胞，并在细胞内大量增殖形成包涵体，使细胞肿胀、瓦解、坏死，进而释放出RLOs，释放出的RLOs又继续侵染其他靶组织和细胞。     

无性型虫草菌株qsun-1的生长特性

利用组织分离法,从青藏高原野外采集的新鲜的冬虫夏草子座中分离得到无性型虫草菌株qsun-1,并研究了该菌株的菌落形态及显微结构.确定无性型虫草菌株qsun-1最佳培养条件为:生长温度15～18℃;培养基的构成为蔗糖2％,蛋白胨2％,MgSO4 0.1％,KH2 PO4 0.2％.     

提取方法对橙皮和桔皮中挥发油成分的影响

实验采用共水蒸馏的方法进行提取，随着蒸馏时间的延长，出现从未焦糊到完全焦糊的过程，挥发油中的主要成分的含量也随之改变．文中论述了实验室共水蒸馏的提取方法、过程，并对结果进行了分析，如果针对其中最主要的成分1-甲基-5-亚乙基环庚烯来说，焦糊状态有利于富集．     

水热法主要提取因素对光皮木瓜多糖结构的影响

目的 优化水热法提取光皮木瓜（Chaenomeles sinensis）多糖的提取工艺条件，对光皮木瓜不溶性多糖的组成和结构进行分析。方法 预处理后的光皮木瓜样品经水热法提取、抽滤、冲洗，浓缩等操作，分别得到不溶性多糖、醇沉多糖和醇溶多糖，通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜及X射线衍射分析不溶性多糖的组成和结构。 结果 多糖提取的较优条件为150 ℃/45 min，料液比1∶10 (W/V)；温度对水热法提取效果影响显著，适当升高温度、延长提取时间和减少料液比有利于多糖提取；高温虽能促进半纤维素溶解，但无法使木质素和木聚糖降解；即使提取温度不同，光皮木不溶性多糖的结构差异也极小；水热法提取光皮木瓜多糖不会导致多糖的功能性基团变化，只改变多糖的化学组成。结论 该研究可为光皮木瓜多糖的结构与功能研究提供实验依据，也为陕西白河光皮木瓜资源的综合利用提供研究参考。     

Five New Oxylipins from Chaenomeles sinensis

In the course of our continuing search for bioactive constituents of Korean medicinal plants, we isolated five new oxylipins, chaenomic acid A–E ( 1 – 5 ), and six known ones ( 6 – 11 ) from the twigs of Chaenomeles sinensis. The structures of the new compounds ( 1 – 5 ) were determined by spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR (¹H and ¹³C NMR, ¹H–¹H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY), olefin cross‐metathesis, and LC/MS analysis. The known compounds ( 6 – 11 ) were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic data and specific optical rotation with the reported data. The isolated compounds ( 1 – 11 ) were tested for their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide‐activated murine microglial cells and for their cytotoxic activities against four human cancer cell lines (A549, SK‐OV‐3, A498, and HCT‐15).     

极危孑遗蕨类中华水韭叶结构的系统学意义

水韭属是濒危的孑遗植物,是研究古生态及其物种演化的活化石。本文用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察了中华水韭叶片的结构特征,首次报道了:(1)通气道横隔细胞在同一平面以5~7个放射状短臂相互连接,且细胞表面有数百个微纤毛;(2)叶表皮为复表皮;(3)光合细胞以5~7个短臂在3D空间相互连接;(4)叶脉不分支,管胞的环纹与初生壁间另有连接结构,管胞周围有薄壁细胞紧密包围;(5)舌足与叶肉嵌合处各有表皮;(6)自气孔下室观察了气孔器的内侧结构,为气孔研究拓展了视野。认为水韭属叶片的超微3D结构具有稳定的特殊性和复杂性,与近源的石松科及卷柏科相差甚远,证明水韭有孤立的演化路线。     

香椿干燥特性及其特征香气化合物热降解动力学

对香椿干燥过程中水分迁移规律进行研究,同时考察不同热处理条件对香椿的特征香气有机化合物之一2-巯基-3,4-二甲基-2,3-二氢噻吩（2-Mercapto-3,4-Dimethyl-2,3-Dihydrothiophene,MDD）稳定性的影响,分析MDD热降解的动力学以及热力学规律。结果表明：热处理温度越高,香椿干燥速率越快,符合传统的干燥速率变化规律。MDD降解过程符合一级动力学反应规律和Arrhenius模型,反应速率常数介于0.0155～0.0345min-1之间,并且随着处理温度的升高而增大,不同温度下半衰期分别为44.719、32.239、20.091 min,随着干燥处理温度的升高而呈现出减少的变化趋势,反应的活化能（Ea）为39.052 kJ/mol。焓变（ΔH）为正值说明MDD热降解过程是吸热反应,吉布斯自由能（ΔG）也为正值,说明MDD热降解反应为非自发反应。研究可为有效控制香椿加工生产过程特征风味物质的降解提供理论依据。     

Associations between Oil Yield and Profile of Fatty Acids,Sterols, Squalene,Carotenoids, and Tocopherols in Seed Oil of Selected Japanese Quince Genotypes during Fruit Development

Tocopherols, phytosterols, carotenoids, and squalene are present in mature seeds of Japanese quince. Yet, little is known about the relationship between these compounds and oil yield during fruit and seed development. The profile change of lipophilic compounds during fruit and seed development in Japanese quince cultivars “Darius,” “Rondo,” and “Rasa” is investigated. It is shown here that during fruit and seed development, there is a significant reduction, three‐ to over tenfold, in the concentration of minor bioactive compounds in seed oil. It is recorded that delay between synthesis of tocopherols and oil in Japanese quince seeds during the fruit development results in a logarithmic relationship between the oil content and tocopherols concentration in the seed oil (R² = 0.980). Similar trends are observed between oil yield and phytosterols, and carotenoids (R² = 0.927 and R² = 0.959, respectively). The profile of fatty acids during the development of the seeds significantly is changed. The reduction of linoleic, palmitic, and gondoic acids levels and increment of oleic acid is noted. The oil content, profile of fatty acids, and concentration of bioactive compounds in all three genotypes of Japanese quince do not change significantly statistically during the last month of fruit development. Practical Applications: Some fruits are harvested at different degrees of maturity mainly due to a logistic issue and uneven ripening of fruits, which affects the chemical composition of whole fruit including seeds. Therefore, it would be good to know how the chemical composition is changing in plant material during development especially in the last month before harvest. Production of Japanese quince continues to rise year to year and with it the volume of generated by‐products such as seeds. This study demonstrates how it changes the oil content, profile of fatty acid, and concentration of tocopherols, squalene, phytosterols, and carotenoids in the seeds and seed oil of three Japanese quince cultivars “Rondo,” “Darius,” and “Rasa” during plant development. The provided information can be very useful for the manufactories oriented on the processing of by‐products, mainly seeds, generated by other branches of industry, for instance, fruit‐processing.     

窑归多糖提取工艺研究

本实验以窑归为主要原料,研究水溶性和碱液性窑归多糖的提取工艺。窑归经破碎、提取、酒精沉淀多糖、Sevag法脱蛋白、水透析、醇析等方法得出较高纯度的多糖,最后,通过真空冷冻干燥分别得到水溶性多糖和碱溶性多糖,经红外光谱证实:水溶性多糖和碱溶性多糖具有一般多糖的特征。水溶性多糖的最佳提取参数是:3h、1:25、加水,其提取率是3.32%;碱溶性多糖的最佳提取参数是:1mol/L的NaOH溶液提取6h、加1:25的碱液,其提取率是4.31%。     

液态发酵冬虫夏草生物活性强化剂工艺优化研究

研究是在高浓度铁、锌、钙离子条件下,采用正交实验(大豆粉、玉米粉、蔗糖、磷酸二氢钾4因素)优化冬虫夏草生物活性强化剂液态发酵的生产条件,得出最佳培养基配比:大豆2%、玉米4%、蔗糖4%、KH2PO4 0.05%。同时探讨了在此配比下,耗氧量、起始pH值及培养时间对菌体产量的影响。