Effects of different carbon sources and C/N values on nonvolatile taste components of Pleurotus eryngii

Pleurotus eryngii, the second largest industrial cultivation mushroom in China, is usually cultivated on substrates mainly consisting of sawdust and corncob. In this study, experiments were performed to determine the effects of different carbon sources and C/N values on nonvolatile taste components of P. eryngii. The effects of different carbon sources on nonvolatile taste components levels revealed that sawdust was beneficial to high levels of crude protein, amino acids, 5′‐nucleotides and equivalent umami concentration, while corncob was beneficial to high contents of carbohydrate, polysaccharides and trehalose. At the similar C/N values, relatively higher sawdust content was beneficial to umami amino acid production, while relatively higher corncob content was beneficial to high contents of carbohydrate, polysaccharides and mannitol. Higher C/N value was beneficial to high levels of crude protein, amino acids, 5′‐nucleotides and equivalent umami concentration, while lower C/N value was beneficial to high contents of carbohydrate, polysaccharides and trehalose. These results provided information for P. eryngii fruit body industrial cultivation to obtain specific nonvolatile taste components with high levels.     

平菇产木质素降解酶类研究

采用PDA-Bavendamm平板和PDA-RB亮蓝平板对36个平菇菌株进行显色试验,得到农平3号、农大1号、推广1号、冀11等4个可以同时产生漆酶和过氧化物酶的平菇品种.对其进行液态产酶试验,结果表明冀11产木质素降解酶类活性较高,该菌株产酶的最佳条件为pH5.5、28℃、接种3个菌塞、100 r/min摇床培养.     

Pleurotusostreatus and Agaricus subrufescens: investigation of chemical composition and antioxidant properties of these mushrooms cultivated with different handmade and commercial supplements

In this study, the chemical composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ORAC and FRAP assays) of A. subrufescens and P. ostreatus, cultivated with handmade and commercials supplements, were compared. Additionally, the compounds ergosterol, saccharopine, and hexitol were identified in A. subrufescens by HPLC-MS/MS. The antioxidant compound p-coumaric acid and dihexoses was found in both mushroom species. A. subrufescens presented higher total phenolic content (73.8 ± 0.6 mg GAE 100 g⁻¹) and antioxidant activity than P. ostreatus (16.6 ± 0.5 mg GAE 100 g⁻¹). The handmade supplement based on the waste of noble grains presented statistically similar phenolic content to the mushrooms cultivated with commercial ones Spawn Mate II SE (86.1 ± 1.4 and 92.9 ± 0.3 mg GAE 100 g⁻¹, respectively). Therefore, the results support the use of handmade supplements based on agro-wastes as a viable alternative to the use of high-cost commercial ones.     

Hydrolytic degree and antioxidant activity of purified casein characterised by different haplotypes (αs1-, β- and k-casein) after enzymatic hydrolysis with pepsin and enzymatic extract from Pleurotus eryngii

The aim of this study was to estimate the hydrolytic degree and antioxidant activity of purified casein characterised by different haplotypes (α_s1-, β- and k-casein) after in vitro digestion with two different enzymatic systems: pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa (EP) and a crude enzymatic extract from the edible mushroom Pleurotus eryngii. The used enzymes showed a different mode of casein catalysis with a consequent production of peptides of different antioxidant activity. The CN haplotype significantly influenced peptides production; in fact, the amino acid substitutions caused by genetic polymorphisms at the α_s1-, β- and k-CN loci influenced the sites of enzymatic cleavage and therefore the produced peptides. The above is evidenced by the different antioxidant activity found in the hydrolysates depending on the used enzymatic system, the CN haplotype, and the CN haplotype × enzymatic treatment interaction. The findings of this study are a perspective for the production of specific foods that exert a biological effect in addition to the nutritional one.     

Effects of different agro-industrial waste as substrates on proximate composition,metals, and mineral contents of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

The use of agro-industrial waste as substrates for mushroom cultivation is considered a promising management strategy for reducing and valorising these wastes, simultaneously reducing the cost of mushroom cultivation. In this study, oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus were cultivated on twelve substrates composed of either tea waste, lime sawdust, alder sawdust, hornbeam sawdust/shaving, wheat stalk-straw, wheat bran or their composite to determine the proximate composition and accumulation of thirteen elements in their fruiting bodies. The proximate composition of P. ostreatus did not show a significant difference, regardless of the employed substrate. (one-way manova ; F_{(66, 107)} = 1.329, Wilk’s λ = 0.041, P > 0.05). However, their chemical element contents show a statistically significant difference (one-way manova ; F_{(132, 418)} = 32.163, Wilk’s λ = 0.000, P < 0.05). These results were supported by discriminant function and principal component analyses. The highest mean concentrations of six of twelve elements (i.e., Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Cd and Cr) were recorded in P. ostreatus cultivated on the lime-sawdust substrate. Three health indices viz., estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient (THQ) and total THQ were applied to determine the risk to human health via the consumption of P. ostreatus, suggesting that they are safe for human consumption.     

比较不同包装膜对白灵菇的保鲜效果

研究了三种包装膜（PE、PE+微孔、PP）对白灵菇贮藏品质的影响,并探究其影响的机制。结果表明：聚乙烯（Polytene,PE）包装膜白灵菇褐变程度为所有处理最低,外观品质最好。贮藏至第12天,可溶性蛋白和还原糖的含量分别提高了21.39%、70.68%,总糖含量为所有处理中最高。重量和硬度分别下降了0.82%、1.15%,电导率和丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）含量最低,几丁质酶（Chitinase,CHT）和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶（β-1,3-glucanase,Glu）活性分别降低了46.87%、48.56%。超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutasee,SOD）和过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）的活性最高,其中CAT的活性提高了2.42倍。抗氧化物质类黄酮和总酚含量分别提高了1.62倍、8.18倍。木质素含量增加了1.20倍。PE+微孔处理贮藏后期虽增强SOD活性及提高抗氧化物质的生成,但延缓褐变效果较差。聚丙烯（Polypropylene,PP）处理组褐变氧化、失重则最严重。综上,PE包装膜的贮藏效果最佳,其可能通过延缓细胞壁的降解,提高抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量来增强其抗氧化性,该研究结果可为白灵菇采后贮藏保鲜技术提供一定的参考依据。     

不同菌材栽培糙皮侧耳营养品质综合评价

摘 要：目的 分析不同菌材栽培糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)生长及营养品质差异,并对其营养品质进行综合评价。方法 以贵州5种常见菌材锥栗(Castanea henryi)、构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、光皮桦(Betula luminifera)、青冈(Quercus glauca)为主要培养料栽培糙皮侧耳,对糙皮侧耳菌丝生长、子实体主要农艺性状及营养品质进行分析。结果 糙皮侧耳在光皮桦培养基上菌丝生长速率更快,在锥栗和刺槐栽培基质中子实体主要农艺性状更好。刺槐栽培基质中糙皮侧耳子实体粗蛋白、Cu、Zn、K元素含量最高,锥栗栽培基质中糙皮侧耳子实体多糖、Na、Mg、Fe、Ca元素含量最高。以5种菌材栽培的糙皮侧耳子实体总氨基酸、必需氨基酸及总药用氨基酸均为刺槐>青冈>光皮桦>构树>锥栗。5种菌材栽培的糙皮侧耳子实体呈味氨基酸主要为甜味和苦味氨基酸,其中以光皮桦栽培的糙皮侧耳子实体鲜味和甜味氨基酸含量最高。必需氨基酸营养品质评价及营养品质综合评价结果表明刺槐栽培糙皮侧耳子实体综合营养品质更好。Fe、苏氨酸、丙氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸、天冬氨酸、组氨酸、Zn和多糖是5种菌材栽培的糙皮侧耳子实体主要差异营养成分。相关性分析结果显示菌材营养成分主要与糙皮侧耳菌丝生长、子实体主要农艺性状和矿物质元素含量显著相关。结论 不同营养成分的菌材对糙皮侧耳子实体生长和营养品质的影响不同,刺槐更适合作为生产糙皮侧耳主栽菌材。     

Effect of the degree of sulfation on the physicochemical and biological properties of Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharides

Polysaccharides extracted from Pleurotus eryngii were chemically modified by sulfation and the effects on the structural and biological properties of the polysaccharides were investigated as a function of the degree of sulfation. ¹³C NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that polysaccharides from P. eryngii were mainly composed of β-(1 → 3)-glucans with β-(1 → 6) branches. The structure of the sulfated polysaccharides was confirmed by FT-IR and their degree of substitution (DS) was determined to be 0.12–0.92. When P. eryngii polysaccharides were sulfated they were shown to be effective in inhibiting cancer cell growth in a dose-dependent way. Furthermore, their DPPH radical quenching effects were improved with increasing degree of sulfation. Thus, it seemed that the chemical modification of P. eryngii polysaccharides by sulfation effectively enhanced their potential biological properties.