Energy use in controlled temperature marine aquaculture

Temperature control offers benefits in land‐based marine aquaculture: stock growth rates may be enhanced by heating in winter; mortality rates in summer may be reduced by cooling. However, if the plant is not well designed, temperature control may create very large energy demands. This paper describes the application of temperature control in abalone aquaculture in New Zealand, with a focus on energy considerations in plant design. An abalone farm using a semi‐closed water conditioning system is used as a case study for which an energy model, based on a heat pump system, is developed. The model is used to determine the impact of plant design and tank conditions on the economics of the operation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Algal phagostimulants for marine herbivorous gastropods

Methanol extracts of the green algaUlva pertusa contain four kinds of glycerolipids that are active as feeding-stimulants for marine herbivorous gastropods. These compounds are digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), 1,2-diacylglycerly-4-O-(N,N,N-trimethyl)-homoserine (DGTH), 1-monoacylglyceryl-4'-O-(N,N,N-trimethyl)-homoserine (MGTH), and 6-sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG). The various gastropods exhibit marked specificity, however, as young abaloneHaliotis discus respond to DGDG and DGTH at minute dosages of 20–30 g/sample zone, but do not respond to 300 g of SQDG, which is a phagostimulant for two other kinds of gastropods,Turbo comutus andOmphalius pfeifferi.Chemical Studies on Phagostimulants for Marine Gastropods. Part VI. For Part V, see Sakata et al. (1986b).     

Feeding-stimulant activity of algal glycerolipids for marine herbivorous gastropods

Phagostimulant activity of glycerolipids such as digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), 6-sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), etc., have been examined using the Avicel plate method for three kinds of marine herbivorous gastropods, the abaloneHaliotis discus, the turban shellTurbo cornutus, and the topshellOmphalius pfeifferi. DGDG showed strong activity for all the test animals. SQDG was much less active than the other glycerolipids for abalone. The turban shell and the top shell responded more or less sensitively to all tested glycerolipids at doses of 10–20g/sample zone.Chemical Studies on Phagostimulants for Marine Gastropods. Part VIII. For Part VII, see Sakata et al. (1988a).     

酶法制备鲍鱼脏器呈味肽及呈味氨基酸

研究了酶法制备鲍鱼脏器呈味肽及呈味氨基酸的最佳条件.鲍鱼脏器分别经中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶水解,中性蛋白酶酶解产物的水解度和肽得率最大,鲜味氨基酸含量最高且口味最好.以中性蛋白酶为工具酶,通过单因素试验和响应面分析确定了酶解的最佳条件:酶加量3 000 U/g,温度46℃,pH 7.8,时间3 h,底物质量分数...     

美拉德反应制备鲍鱼脏器肽呈味基料及其抗氧化活性研究

采用美拉德反应处理皱纹盘鲍脏器肽制备呈味基料,并通过感官评定实验及体外抗氧化实验评价了美拉德反应处理对鲍鱼脏器肽风味及抗氧化活性的影响.结果表明,鲍鱼脏器肽经美拉德反应处理后,鲜味增加,腥、苦等不良口味下降,总体风味得到显著提升.与反应前相比,美拉德反应产物的DPPH自由基清除活性增强百倍,而羟自由基清除活性及还原活性...     

鲍鱼壳珍珠层无机文石片的层状微结构研究

贝壳珍珠层是软体动物壳的最内层,经过若干世纪的自然进化,贝壳珍珠层形成了优良的微结构,并使贝壳具有了相当高的强度、刚度及断裂韧性.本文利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了鲍鱼贝壳珍珠层的主要微结构特征,发现其是由层状的无机文石片和有机胶原蛋白质组成的生物陶瓷复合材料.根据发现的贝壳珍珠层层状微结构特征,建立贝壳珍珠层三维有限元模型,并用此模型分析了珍珠层的拉伸屈服极限与无机文石片拉伸屈服极限及其厚度的关系,研究表明珍珠层的屈服极限随无机文石片屈服极限的增加和无机文石片厚度的减小而增加.     

皱纹盘鲍内脏β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的提取及其酶学性质研究

从鲍鱼内脏提取β-1,3-葡聚糖酶粗酶并研究其酶学性质。以昆布多糖为底物监控酶的活性。鲍鱼内脏经匀浆后,采用3倍体积0.1mol/L的磷酸氢二钠-柠檬酸缓冲液(pH6.0)浸提12h。浸提液经离心后收集上清液,并采用60%饱和度的硫酸铵对上清液中的蛋白进行盐析沉淀得β-1,3-葡聚糖酶粗酶。研究表明,粗酶中β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的最适反应温度为40℃,酶活力在40℃以下稳定;酶的最适pH为6.0,酶活力在pH4.0～7.0范围内稳定。Mn2+能明显激活酶活力,而Cu2+、Fe3+、Hg+对酶活力有抑制作用,其中Fe3+的抑制作用最强;亮肽酶素和1,10-菲啰啉对酶活力有明显的抑制作用,而E-64对酶活力有一定的激活作用;此酶对海藻酸钠也有一定水解能力。     

鲍鱼壳水溶性基质抗氧化活性研究

考察鲍鱼壳水溶性基质(WSMA)抗氧化活性。利用DEAE-Sephadex A-25 离子交换层析法(IEC)对WSMA进行纯化。以珍珠水溶性基质(WSMP)及VC 为对照,通过对二苯代苦味肼基自由基(DPPH·)、羟自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子自由基(O2·)的清除能力和Fe3+ 还原能力的研究考察其抗氧化作用。结果表明,WSMA 与WSMP 具有相似的Fe3+ 还原能力和O2·清除能力,而对DPPH·和·OH 无清除作用。通过IEC 纯化得到的AⅡ组分为主要活性成分,当质量浓度为1.0mg/mL 时,对O2·清除率达80%,与0.1mg/mL 的VC 相当。     

超滤膜分离鲍鱼内脏酶解物及其体外抗氧化活性的研究

利用超滤膜对鲍鱼内脏酶解物进行分离,考察了各分子量段酶解物的成分组成和抗氧化活性。利用截留分子量为10000 u、3000 u、500 u的超滤膜分离得到FA、FB、FC和FD等四个组分中,FA组分的总糖和蛋白含量分别为34.06%和17.20%,而FB、FC和FD等组分主要是由蛋白组成,其游离氨基酸含量分别高达23.20、25.4、28.68 g/100g。根据Tricine-SDS-PAGE和β-消除反应的分析结果,表明FA中位于间隔胶的高分子组分(HMWF)含有N-糖苷键结合的糖蛋白,而分子量为25 ku的成分主要是蛋白。凝胶渗透色谱数据表明FB、FC和FD的分子量主要分布在300 u左右。另一方面,体外抗氧化结果表明,在低浓度下FA组分具有较强的DPPH自由基清除活性和还原力;当质量浓度高于5 mg/m L时,各超滤组分的DPPH自由基清除活性无明显差异,但FB、FC和FD组分的还原力明显高于FA组分;不管是低浓度还是高浓度,FB、FC和FD组分的羟自由基清除活性都明显高于FA组分。