Detection of beeswax adulterations using concentration guide‐values

The concentrations of 102 chemical compounds (saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, palmitates, total and free acids, total hydroxyacids, total and free alcohols, acidic monoesters and monoesterified 1,2,3‐propanetriols) have been determined by GC/FID on white and yellow comb beeswax of Apis mellifera from different regions of Spain. Guide‐value ranges are proposed for its characterization and to discriminate adulterated foundation beeswax sheets. The concentrations of many compounds resulted to be statistically different for white and yellow beeswaxes, while the observation of concentrations out of normal in some marketed foundation beeswax sheets suggested their adulteration. However, the measurement of anomalous concentrations in foundation beeswax sheets did not imply necessarily their rejection by the bees.     

氧化铁对硫铝酸钙矿物形成的影响

借助化学分析方法、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热法等测试手段研究了Fe2O3对无水硫铝酸钙矿物(C4A3S)形成过程的影响.研究表明:掺杂Fe2O3可促进熟料中游离氧化钙(f-CaO)的吸收,增加液相量,改善C4A3-S矿物生料的易烧性;不掺杂Fe2O3的矿物生料,C4A3-S单矿物在850℃以下几乎不生成,在1 000℃开始大量生成,在1 300℃达到最高值;掺杂1?2O3的试样中C4A3S含量与不掺杂试样在同温度下达到最大值,但绝对含量有一定幅度的下降;掺杂3%及5?2O3的试样中C4A3S含量在1 350℃达到最大值,达到最大值的时间比原来延迟0.5h,并且绝对含量有较大幅度的下降;掺杂Fe2O3的试样在1 200℃至1400℃时,Fe3 和C4A3-S中的Al3 发生置换,使Fe3 固熔到C4A3-S中形成固熔体C4(A0.95F0.05)6O12(SO4).     

Mn2+、Nb5+共掺BaTiO3陶瓷的制备及压电性能的研究

本文采用改进的固相反应法,制备了施主杂质Nb5 和受主杂质Mn2 共掺的BaTiO3陶瓷。按不同Nb5 、Mn2 的掺杂量,分别在1180℃、1210℃、1250℃、1280℃温度下煅烧。实验结果表明:当烧结温度为1250℃、掺杂量为0.05mol%时,制得的试样性能较好。     

抗震钨丝的现状与展望

叙述了抗震钨丝的掺杂机理和制备工艺，指出只有掺入K、Si和Al，才能获得良好的抗震性能。文章还介绍了国内外生产现状，并对抗震钨丝的发展方向提出了新的见解。     

How meaty? Detection and quantification of adulterants,foreign proteins and food additives in meat products

The worldwide consumption of meat is increasing, especially in developing countries. Many studies have correlated a diet characterised by high intake of processed red meats with a risk of colorectal cancer, stroke, coronary heart diseases and diabetes. Moreover, the quality and safety of meat products may be compromised by several admitted and not admitted procedures (i.e. addition of food additives and/or foreign proteins). For these reasons, the topic ‘meat products’ quality and safety’ has gained much in importance during last few years. In this review, the recent advances in the field of analytical methods for the evaluation of meat adulteration due to the addition of foreign proteins and food additives are reported, compared and critically evaluated. Moreover, the most representative monitoring practices, developed worldwide, related to meats adulteration are described and discussed.     

化学气相沉积法制备碳纳米管过程中NH3对其微观结构和石墨化程度的影响

以二茂铁为催化剂前驱体,C₂H₂为碳源,在NH₃和N₂气氛中在Al₂O₃多孔基体上化学气相沉积制备出了一致取向的碳纳米管阵列.采用拉曼散射、扫描电子显微镜、高分辨电子显微镜、X射线衍射和元素分析等技术对产物进行表征.实验结果表明,以NH₃为载气时,所制备的碳纳米管为竹节形结构,并且有一定量的N掺杂在其中,其质量含量大约在3.46%,碳纳米管的石墨层间距在0.384 nm左右,实验产物中有Fe₃C和Fe₂N或Fe₃N的生成,NH₃在催化剂表面的吸附导致催化剂的表面性质的改变以及N的掺杂使生成的碳纳米管结构有一些缺陷,石墨化程度有所降低.碳纳米管的管径随着反应温度的增加而增大.     

1H NMR代谢指纹图谱结合化学计量学快速检测蛹虫草掺假

目的：采用氢核磁共振(1H nuclear magnetic resonance,1H NMR)结合正交偏最小二乘法(Orthogonal partial least squares,OPLS)建立对蛹虫草中金针菇、杏鲍菇和香菇掺假的快速鉴别方法。方法：主成分分析得分图显示,不同类型的掺假样品并不能完全分离。采用两步法进一步提高模型的鉴别能力,首先对纯蛹虫草和掺假蛹虫草进行OPLS-DA分析,模型显示真假蛹虫草分类良好,两类样品存在明显区别。然后对所有20% (w/w)掺假蛹虫草进行了O2PLS-DA模型分析,通过分别由28个和12个样本组成的训练和测试集来检查鉴别能力的准确性。结果：模型整体拟合优度为R2X = 75.2%, R2Y = 92.3%,整体交叉验证系数Q2 = 89.7%,掺假物金针菇、杏鲍菇和香菇能够被准确辨别。结论：1H NMR代谢指纹图谱结合化学计量学,对于真伪蛹虫草及掺假类型能够有效鉴别,可用于大批量商业筛选。     

拉曼光谱法快速检测猪肉脯中的掺伪鸡肉

目的 建立拉曼光谱法快速、准确、无损地检测猪肉脯样品中掺假鸡肉的方法。方法 制备33份猪肉中掺入不同比例鸡肉的肉脯样品,采集拉曼光谱数据,分别采用标准正态变换、多元散射校正、卷积平滑、归一化、一阶导数等5种不同预处理方法,对原始光谱数据进行预处理,采用连续投影算法、竞争性自适应重加权算法及随机蛙跳算法对光谱数据进行特征波长筛选,建立偏最小二乘法(partial least squares,PLS)模型对猪肉脯进行定性定量判别。结果 拉曼光谱数据经过多元散射校正处理的效果最佳,竞争性自适应重加权算法竞筛选效果更佳,构建猪肉脯中猪肉含量的PLS定量模型,其预测集决定系数和预测均方根误差分别为0.9762、7.2998。建立的PLS判别模型的校正集和预测集总判别正确率分别为100.00%和98.33%。结论 拉曼光谱分析技术可有效用于定性鉴别猪肉脯是否掺伪及定量分析猪肉肉脯中掺入鸡肉的比例,为肉脯掺假的快速无破坏性检测的应用提供支持。     

竹子状MnxW1-xS2纳米管制备与表征

以WS2为前驱体,用剥离-插层-水热掺杂这一种新的技术方法制备了竹子状MnxW1-xS2纳米管.在常温下将前驱体WS2用正丁基锂处理15 d,经正已烷冲洗6次后,在60 ℃,真空(0.01 Pa)干燥12 h,将适量样品置于装有MnCl2水溶液的高压反应釜中,然后将高压反应釜升温至180 ℃,并保温72 h,自然冷却,过滤干燥后即得所需产物.采用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、高分辨透射电子显微镜和X射线能量散射谱对样品进行了表征.结果表明:样品的形貌为具有尖头和节的竹子状纳米管;竹子状纳米管的尖端、管壁和节部具有清晰的层状结构,层间距离基本相等;竹子状纳米管的化学组成为Mn,W和S.