Isolation of antimicrobial agent from the marine algae Cystoseira hakodatensis

Cystoseira hakodatensis is an unutilised brown algae belonging to family Sargassaceae. A crude methanol extract from the algae showed inhibitory effects on the growths of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus licheniformis. To isolate the major antimicrobial agent, a sequential active‐guided isolation procedure was applied: liquid–liquid extraction, column chromatography and bio‐autography. A marked antimicrobial agent (active α) was isolated in hydrophobic fraction and was determined to phenolics without carbohydrates and proteins by phytochemical test. Regarding the antimicrobial potential, the isolated active α showed better inhibitory effects against B. cereus and B. licheniformis at 2 and 4 times of lower concentrations (62.5 and 31.3 μg mL^?1) in comparison with epigallocatechin gallate. These results showed that C. hakodatensis is a potential source of antimicrobial agent capable of preventing the growth of the two bacteria.     

冷链条件下气调包装酱卤鸭肉制品货架期预测模型的建立

目的 以气调包装酱卤鸭肉制品为研究对象,在冷链温度范围内建立一套准确、高效的货架期预测模型。方法 利用选择性培养基测定不同温度下产品各微生物数量,确定4~25℃条件下产品优势腐败菌。对乳酸菌数量与感官评定值进行了回归分析确定最小腐败量Ns。分别采用修正的Gompertz方程和平方根方程建立一、二级模型,并通过预测值与实测值对比验证模型的可靠性。结果 确定了4~25℃条件下产品优势腐败菌为乳酸菌,最小腐败量Ns=6.14(lg(cfu /g))。一、二级模型拟合度均良好,三种温度下模型预测值与实际值间的差异均在30％左右,波动幅度在10%以内。结论 实现了对4~25℃内任何时间点产品剩余货架期的预测,为冷链条件下气调包装酱卤鸭肉制品品质的变化提供了理论指导。     

Field observations on the occurrence of new indicators of disinfection efficiency

This paper summarizes studies on the presence of acid-fast and yeast organisms in wastewater and water treatment plants and in surface water. These organisms were found to satisfy three of Bonde's criteria for indicator organisms: presence whenever pathogens are likely to be present; resistance at least equal to that of pathogens; and lack of regrowth in the post-treatment environment. This, plus prior data, indicates that these organisms are at least as acceptable as indicators of disinfection efficiency than the coliform group.     

抚河流域水生态环境恢复措施初探

简述江西省抚河流域的概况、水生态环境的现状及存在的问题.包括淤泥的堆积、水土的流失、水污染、沿岸圩堤的防洪标准普遍偏低等.并对这些问题提出了流域水生态环境恢复的目标,针对抚河流域水生态环境的恢复目标提出了水权分配、水土保持治理、水工程治理、水质治理等方面的一系列初步的措施与建议.     

INHIBITION OF BEER-SPOILAGE LACTIC ACID BACTERIA BY NISIN

149 strains of bacteria, mostly brewery contaminants able to spoil wort or beer, and 12 brewing strains of yeast (8 ale and 4 lager strains) have been screened using a well-test assay for sensitivity to the food preservative, Nisin (E234), Nisin inhibited growth of 92% of the gram-positive strains, predominantly lactic acid bacteria of the genera Lactobacillus and Pediococcus. In contrast, all 32 gram-negative strains tested, except 3 Flavobacter strains, were Nisin-resistant; in addition none of the brewing yeasts showed Nisin-sensitivity. Therefore. Nisin has potential applications in preventing spoilage of worts or beers by lactic acid bacteria.     

患"颤抖病"中华绒螯蟹血细胞中类立克次体寄生的超微结构观察

本文对患“颤抖病”的中华绒螯蟹血细胞内类立克次体生物RLOs的寄生及繁殖特性进行了超微结构研究。正常中华绒螯蟹的血细胞可分为三类；无颗粒细胞、小颗粒细胞、小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞，而RLOs只特异性地侵染小颗粒细胞。RLOs以胞吞的方式进入小颗粒细胞，并在细胞内大量增殖形成包涵体，使细胞肿胀、瓦解、坏死，进而释放出RLOs，释放出的RLOs又继续侵染其他靶组织和细胞。     

大通湖区水系连通工程改善水环境的效果评估

大通湖是洞庭湖区的重要组成部分,近年其水质状况呈现恶化态势,正通过实施水系连通工程,以期改善其水环境。基于MIKE21构建大通湖区水系连通工程的二维水动力-水质数学模型,选取总氮和总磷作为水质指标,模拟不同连通调度方案下大通湖的氮磷浓度变化,采用滞水区面积比例、浓度变化指数、换水率和水质浓度改善率,评估6个连通方案下大通湖水环境的改善效果。结果表明:通过实施引水调度方案能够有效改善大通湖水环境,当引水前期流量取30 m~3/s,出口水位控制在25.48 m时和引水后期流量保持为30 m~3/s不变,出口水位调整至25.88 m时,大通湖水环境改善效果最佳。本研究可为实施水系连通工程,改善类似湖泊水环境和提高引水调度效率提供参考。     

大凌河流域典型水生植物微生物群落吸附特征试验分析

本文采用高通测序方法对大凌河流域五刺金鱼藻、格菱、狐尾藻、水蓼及芦苇5种水生植物不同季节的微生物群落进行试验分析,分析表明:藻类密度在沉水植物表层要高于浮叶植物表层,微生物群落在浮叶植物根部的结构与其表面存在明显差异。各水生植物的优势生物群落依次为变形菌、梭菌、柔膜菌、鞭脂杆菌、杆菌、疣微菌门,且各微生物群落在季节丰度上存在明显差异性。由此可见,水环境对生物群落的影响要高于植物类型。研究成果可为大凌河流域生态修复工程提供重要理论依据。     

Consequences of different cutting regimes on regrowth and nutrient stoichiometry of Sparganium erectum L. and Potamogeton natans L.

Aquatic vegetation forms an essential component in freshwater ecosystems but due to changed environmental and anthropogenic conditions often needs management to reduce nuisance for human land‐use. In this paper, the authors looked at the regrowth of two macrophyte species (Potamogeton natans and Sparganium erectum) in two lowland rivers under different cutting treatments. After an initial cross‐sectional transect was manually removed from bank to bank at the beginning of the growth season, a monthly repetitive removal of biomass in plots on that transect was done during the rest of the growth season (testing frequency of mowing). Additional new transects were also cut in subsequent months (testing timing of mowing). Finally, biomass was repetitively removed in plots in those additional transects too (testing frequency of mowing × timing of mowing). The biomass at the end of the growth season was analysed for C, N, P, and Si. It was demonstrated that timing and frequency of vegetation cutting has an important effect on the capacity and rate of species' recovery and therefore on the efficiency of the applied management. Nutrient stoichiometry of the regrown biomass was directly affected by cutting. Caused by differences in the applied timing and frequency of the cutting, C/N and N/P ratios and BSi concentrations were highly variable. Yet, overall, there was a clear tendency towards a higher C/N ratio and BSi concentration and lower N/P ratio in biomass that recovered after cutting. This human impact on the quantity and quality of autochthonous organic matter may have knock‐on effects on the decomposers food web and mineralization process.