滇西景星组双壳类动物群的固有属性

滇西景星双壳类是以Ｐｅｇｒｉｎｏｃｏｎｃｈａ－Ｓｉｎｏｎａｉａ－Ｋｏｒｅａｎａｉａ－Ｅｏｎｉｐｐｏｎｏｎａｉａ－Ｐｌｉｃａｔｏｕｎｉｏ为代表的地方性动物群，属非海生类三角蚌类系统演化的早白垩世产物，景星组属于亚洲地方性的非海相三分白垩系的下白垩统，可与滇中的高峰寺组－普昌河组，青海南部的雁石坪群上段（扎窝茸组）和藏东的多尼组对比，该组双壳类曾被误认为晚株罗世海生物群，是因为Ｓｉｎｏｎａｉａ和Ｅｏｎ     

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法测定双壳类水产品中亲脂性贝类毒素

目的建立超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry,HPLC-TQ-MS/MS)方法检测双壳类水产中的亲脂性贝类毒素(lipophilicphycotoxins,LPs)。方法样品采用80%甲醇水溶液进行提取,上清液经strata-x柱净化,将洗脱液氮吹至干定容后上机测定。选用Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C_(18)(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱,以10mmol/L甲酸铵-0.1%甲酸水和乙腈(含0.1%甲酸)为流动相,采用梯度洗脱进行分离。多重态反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring,MRM)方式检测。结果 LPs的线性范围为5.0~200 ng/mL,检出限为5.0~6.0μg/kg,回收率在45.8%~86.3%之间。结论本方法提取效果较好、基质效应小,适用于双壳类水产中亲脂性贝类毒素的痕量检测。     

Longitudinal Plankton Dynamics in the Rivers Rhine and Elbe

We compared the longitudinal plankton development in the two large rivers Rhine and Elbe by means of four Lagrangian sampling campaigns performed within the time span 2009–2011. The campaigns revealed low chlorophyll concentrations in the Rhine along a long river stretch (Rhine‐km 170 to 854) with maximum values below 5 µg L^?1 in 2010. In contrast, the Elbe (Elbe‐km 4 to 582) showed high and longitudinally increasing chlorophyll concentrations with maximal values of 174 µg L^?1 in 2009 and 123 µg L^?1 in 2011. Additional samples of the benthic bivalves along the river stretches revealed high densities of the filter feeders in the Rhine that could potentially explain losses of plankton production. Their densities in the Elbe were significantly lower, making important losses to benthic filter feeders unlikely. However, strong phytoplankton growth was observed during the sampling campaign in 2011 in the Rhine coinciding with a low discharge event. This resulted in an exceptionally high chlorophyll value of up to 244 µg L^?1 in the lower river sections, a value that was not reached in the last two decades of continuous water quality monitoring in the Rhine. Even though we cannot fully explain this phenomenon, it shows that phytoplankton has a high growth potential in the Rhine but is usually controlled by other mechanisms. Tributaries represented an additional and important source of plankton biomass and suspended substances in the Rhine, whereas they primarily diluted the plankton concentrations in the Elbe. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shell valve movement response of dark false mussel, Mytilopsis leucophaeta, to chlorination

Shell valve movements of fouling mussel, Mytilopsis leucophaeta, have been studied in the presence of chlorine, using a mussel monitor. Data showed increasing shell valve closure with increasing chlorine concentration. Shell opening rates of M. leucophaeta at control experiments (0 mg litre⁻¹ residual chlorine) were about 10 times more than those at 1 mg litre⁻¹ residual chlorine. Continuous dosing of 0.75 mg litre⁻¹ residual chlorine is required before shell movements are critically affected. Since current environmental stipulations do not permit this, a level of 0.5 mg litre⁻¹ has to be used continuously during settlement periods of M. leucophaeta for their control. The results also indicate that M. leucophaeta is more tolerant to chlorine than other mussel species.     

Study of some marine bivalves as the biomonitor candidates for environmental assessment of the Jiaozhou Bay by NAA and AAS

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｏｆｔｈｅＪｉａｏｚｈｏｕＢａｙｉｎｔｈｅｅａｓｔｅｒｎＣｈｉｎａｉｓａｎｅｘａｍｐｌｅｏｆｈｉｇｈｌｙａｎｔｈｒｏｐｏｇｅｎｉｃｒｅｓｕｌｔｅｄｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｗｈｉｃｈｍｅｒｇｅｓ...     

四川盆地中北部下—中侏罗统主要目的层沉积相与地震沉积学

四川盆地中北部油气主要勘探目的层包括下侏罗统自流井组大安寨段、中侏罗统凉高山组和下沙溪庙组,沉积相属于河流—三角洲相和湖相。根据岩心和录井资料,应用沉积地质学理论确定了三角洲的以下几种微相:砂质辫状河、大分流河道、小分流河道、河口坝、三角洲前缘波浪带、沿岸沙坝、前三角洲等。侏罗纪湖泊为有出水口的开放型淡水湖,利用地震沉积学原理预测了由沿岸泥坪、滨线、介屑(壳)滩、沿岸带(沙坝)到远滨席状砂、开阔湖透光带等9种微相。应用比较沉积学原理和工作方法,参照云南滇池和洱海现代瓣腮类珠蚌、无齿蚌的生态,分析了侏罗纪瓣腮类(珠蚌、假铰蚌)的生态。瓣腮类以藻类为食,而藻类则附生于沉水植物上。湖水深度(制约水的透光度)和底质是制约水草生长的因素,因而制约瓣腮类分布。估计了大安寨期瓣腮类生活的水深。应用地震沉积学工作方法,发现大安寨期的介壳滩被断层活动引起的沟槽、水道划分成多个独立单元,而所作出的凉高山期三角洲与由现代实例得出的经典模式不谋而合,证明研究成果可信度高,可据此准确地预测地下储层分布。     

青岛市场上常见贝类铜污染情况调查

目的对青岛城阳水产品批发市场2011年6月~2012年5月期间销售的栉孔扇贝、太平洋牡蛎、紫贻贝、毛蚶和菲律宾蛤仔体内的铜(Cu)含量进行了为期一年的连续调查。方法每月定期取样,经湿式消解法消化后,采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定Cu含量。结果太平洋牡蛎的Cu含量平均值高达458.8 mg·kg-1·dw-1,远远超过其他四种贝类,其次是栉孔扇贝(平均值为11.0 mg·kg-1·dw-1),剩余三种贝类的Cu含量较接近(平均值在4.5~5.7 mg·kg-1·dw-1之间)。除太平洋牡蛎外,另外四种贝类的Cu含量无论以干重还是湿重计均未超过国标规定的50 mg·kg-1。各种贝类(毛蛤除外)体内的Cu含量随季节的变化无明显的规律性。结论 2011年6月~2012年5月期间青岛城阳水产品批发市场销售的太平洋牡蛎的Cu污染情况较为严重,其Cu污染的问题应受到足够重视。     

Palp to gill area ratio of bivalves: A sensitive indicator of elevated suspended solids

Area measurements were made of the gills and labial palps of several freshwater bivalve species from sites with distinctly different suspended solids concentrations. Without exception, the palp to gill area ratio (PA:GA) was markedly higher for populations from sites with high versus low suspended solids concentrations. The average PA:GA (expressed as a percentage) ranged from 9·3 to 11·5 for bivalves from high suspended solids concentration sites and from 2.5 to 4.8 for bivalves from low suspended solids concentration sites. Such interpopulation differences were observed for two introduced species, Dreissena polymorpha and Corbicula fluminea, despite extremely brief residence times in an evolutionary sense. At any particular location, different species of native unionids had similar PA:GA. These results suggest that PA:GA is a sensitive biological indicator of suspended solids concentration, with interpopulation differences probably reflecting ecophenotypic rather than genetic variation.     

Finite Element Analysis as a Method to Study Molluscan Shell Mechanics

The clade Mollusca is a highly diverse and disparate group of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates, the taxon containing over 100 000 known species including some of the most intelligent invertebrate animals. Their shells are exemplar systems in the study of biomechanics, biomineralization, and biomimetics. Research into understanding the superior biomechanical properties of the shell and how these properties relate to the animals ecology have required a diverse range of methods at multiple length scales; one particularly powerful method is finite element analysis. Finite element analysis is a robust engineering method that has a long‐standing history in biomechanical research. This review summarizes the application of finite element analysis in the study of both the mechanical properties of different molluscan shell ultrastructures as well as macro‐scale modeling of the shell. From the calculation of elastic constants to the origins of the strength of nacre and the relationship between shell folding and ecology, this article provides a window into how finite element analysis can further our understanding of mechanics and functional morphology.