Effect of volatiles collected above fecal pellets on behavior of the rabbit,Oryctolagus cuniculus,tested in an experimental chamber

Gas chromatographic techniques were used to trap and fractionate the volatile substances emanating from the fecal pellets of wild rabbits,Oryctolagus cuniculus, which incorporate the odor of the anal gland secretion. The volatiles were bubbled through water, trapped on Chromosorb 105, transferred to Silicone SF96 traps, passed through a GC capillary column, and retrapped on SF96. The behavioral effect of trapped and fractionated volatiles was determined in four series of bioassays involving 51 adult, male, wild-type rabbits in 112, ten-minute tests. The bioassay was based on the demonstration of territorial confidence by the rabbits under the influence of their own odor. In the bioassays of the unfractionated volatiles eluted from Chromosorb 105 and SF96 traps the animals were significantly more confident in the presence of the volatiles from their own fecal pellets. One of the two fractions of the total volatiles was ineffective while the effect of the other was less than that of the unfractionated odor. The results demonstrate that the gas chromatographic techniques can be used to manipulate complex mammalian odors with precision. Combined with a discriminative bioassay, this opens up the possibility of identifying the specific combinations of volatile substances involved in the formation of olfactory signals.     

Identification of some volatile compounds in the odor of fecal pellets of the rabbit,Oryctolagus cuniculus

A study has been made of the volatile constituents in the vapors collected from fecal pellets of wild rabbits,Oryctolagus cuniculus. Measurements of changes in the heart rates of adult male rabbits exposed to the effluent of a gas chromatographic capillary column were used to indicate the presence of compounds which may be of behavioral significance. Combined with the use of high-resolution columns in gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, this approach has implicated several classes of compounds, including volatile fatty acids and phenols, which in certain absolute or relative concentrations may be involved in the formation of signals of territorial importance.     

Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) queen feces: Source of a pheromone that repels worker bees

When placed in a small observation arena with workers, most young virgin honeybee queens released fecal (hindgut) material during agonistic interactions with workers and with each other. On release of this material, workers moved to the sides of the arena and groomed themselves. Bioassays of virgin queen fecal material demonstrated that it contains pheromone that repels workers and stimulates grooming behavior. Pheromone was present only in the feces of virgin queens that were more than 24 hr old and less than 2 weeks old. Feces of 2- to 4-day-old workers and virgin queens more than 2 weeks old did not elicit an avoidance response by workers. Moreover, the feces of young virgin queens had a strong fragrance, while that of older queens had a rancid odor and that of young workers had no detectable odor.     

国内外畜禽养殖业粪便管理及立法的比较

基于我国和几个欧州国家畜禽养殖业粪便管理及立法的比较,总结了国内外畜禽养殖业粪便管理及立法的特征,找出我们在这方面的差距和今后的努力方向,为我国进行畜禽养殖业粪便管理及法制建设提供借鉴和参考．     

Volatile Stimuli Related to Feeding Activity of Nonprey Caterpillars, Spodoptera exigua, Affect Olfactory Response of the Predatory Mite Phytoseiulus persimilis

The effect of volatiles related to feeding activity of nonprey caterpillars, Spodoptera exigua, on the olfactory response of the predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis was examined in a Y-tube olfactometer. At a low caterpillar density (20 caterpillars on 10 Lima bean leaves), the predators were significantly more attracted to volatiles from infested leaves on which the caterpillars and their products were present or from infested leaves from which the caterpillars and their products had been removed when compared to volatiles from uninfested leaves. The predators, however, significantly avoided odors from 20 caterpillars and their products (mainly feces) removed from bean leaves. In contrast, at a higher caterpillar density (100 caterpillars on 10 Lima bean leaves), the predators avoided volatiles from caterpillar-infested bean leaves. Volatiles from infested leaves from which the caterpillars and their products had been removed were not preferred over volatiles from uninfested leaves. Volatiles from feces collected from 100 caterpillars were strongly avoided by the predators, while the behavior of the predatory mites was not affected by volatiles from 100 caterpillars removed from a plant. The data show that carnivorous arthropods may avoid nonprofitable herbivores. This avoidance seems to result from an interference of volatiles from herbivore products with the attraction to herbivore-induced plant volatiles.     

酪蛋白糖巨肽对小鼠肠道双歧杆菌增殖水平的影响

采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（real-time polymerase chain reaction,real-time PCR）分析不同剂量酪蛋白糖巨肽（casein glycomacropeptide,CGMP）对小鼠肠道双歧杆菌增殖水平的影响,揭示乳源CGMP是否有增殖肠道关键益生菌的功能。选用50 只健康BALB/c小鼠,随机分为对照组,安慰组（灌胃生理盐水0.2 mL）,乳源CGMP低、中、高剂量组（灌胃等体积不同质量浓度的乳源CGMP）,灌胃周期为2 周。于灌胃后第0、3、5、7、9、11、15天及停止灌胃后1 周（第21天）采集的小鼠新鲜粪便,并进行粪便菌体基因组DNA抽提。依据双歧杆菌的16S rRNA基因序列设计5 对种属特异性引物,以两歧双歧杆菌（Bifidobacterium bifidum）CICC6071的基因组DNA作为标准品,进行梯度稀释制作标准曲线;分析样品PCR扩增产物的熔解曲线,评价反应的特异性。结果表明：Real-time PCR可准确定量小鼠肠道内双歧杆菌数量;且灌胃中剂量乳源CGMP可以促进小鼠肠道内双歧杆菌的增殖,在灌胃第11天时小鼠肠道内双歧杆菌数量达到最高值,即乳源CGMP对小鼠肠道双歧杆菌的增殖作用存在剂量选择性。     

低聚半乳糖润肠通便功能的研究

目的:研究低聚半乳糖的润肠通便作用。方法:依据《保健食品检验与评价技术规范-2003版》“通便作用检验方法”,将动物随机分为模型对照组、阴性对照组、低、中、高剂量组5组,经口给予不同剂量的低聚半乳糖10天后,测定小肠墨汁推进率及首次排黑便时间,6h排便粒数和排便总重量。结果:在便秘模型成立的条件下:三个剂量组与模型对照组相比,动物墨汁推进率、6h排便粒数、6h排便总重量高于模型对照组,首次排黑便时间低于模型对照组,差异均有非常显著性(P<0·01)。动物实验表明低聚半乳糖具有通便功能。     

膨化鸡粪饲喂蛋鸡的试验报告

本试验经对试验鸡生产性能测定,表明雏鸡粪经过膨化机的高温高压处理,可全部代替日粮中进口鱼粉和20%的饲粮饲喂商品蛋鸡,具有明显的经济效益和推广价值。     

Extraction of Condensed Tannins from Cervid Feed and feces and Quantification using a Radial Diffusion Assay

A radial diffusion assay was employed to quantify condensed tannins (CT) in feed and feces of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). This biological assay measures the precipitation of bovine serum albumin (BSA), with the area of the precipitation ring being proportional to the amount of extracted CT applied to the well. CT extracted from the bark of white spruce (Picea glauca) was used as the standard. CT were extracted with 70% (v/v) aqueous acetone and precipitated with 50% (v/v) aqueous methanol or 70% (v/v) aqueous acetone. Functional range of CT weights for suitable ring measurement was 0.5–4.0 mg, and equilibrium was achieved within an incubation period of 24 hr. Methanol (50%) was a more effective precipitation solvent than acetone (70%) having 13 ± 4% greater specific activity (P < 0.05) and superior capabilities for predicting CT content. Precipitation rings were evaluated on images magnified on a photocopier. Ring diameters measured on a 200% enlarged photocopy provided the most precise estimate of ring area (R² = 0.98). This convenient method reduced analysis times and enhanced accuracy and precision of tannin quantification. Analytical consequences and future research requirements are considered.