Volatile and non-volatile compound profiles of commercial sweet pickled mango and its correlation with consumer preference

Sweet pickled mango named Ma-Muang Bao Chae-Im is a traditional preserved mango from Hat Yai, Thailand. This study investigated (I) volatile and non-volatile compound profiles of commercial Ma-Muang Bao Chae-Im and (II) their relationship to consumer preference. Untargeted metabolomics profiling was performed by gas chromatography-mass quadrupole-time of flight analysis. There were 117 volatile and 44 non-volatile compounds annotated in six commercial brands of Ma-Muang Bao Chae-Im. Furthermore, 46 volatile and 19 non-volatile compounds’ discriminant markers were found by Partial least square discriminant analysis. Among those markers, sorbic and benzoic acid were observed in several brands; moreover, the combination of both compounds altered the volatile profile, especially the ester group. Partial least square regression revealed that overall consumer liking is correlated to 1-heptanol; 1-octanol; acetoin; acetic acid, 2-phenylethyl ester; D-manitol; terpenes and terpenoids, while firmness to sucrose and L-(-)-sorbofuranose. On the other hand, most ester compounds were not related to consumer preference.     

芝麻辣酱的制作

本文探讨了在黄酱的基础上，加入芝麻、辣椒等各种辅料，配制出芝麻香味浓郁、辣味适中的芝麻辣酱。本文对原材料的配方、主要生产设备、生产工艺流程、原材料处理、生产过程中的操作要点及质量标准等多方面进行了详细论述。     

An Electron Spin Resonance Study of Evolution of Organic Free Radicals in Irradiated Pepper During Heat Treatment

ABSTRACT: The thermal evolution behavior of the organic free radicals induced in irradiated black pepper was studied by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. To analyze the time-dependent evolution process, we used the theory of transient phenomena, that is, an ordinal differential equation, as well as the nonlinear least squares numerical method. We found that the radical evolution that occurred in the irradiated pepper obeys a single exponential function and yields a unique time constant. The evolution of the organic free radical undergoes a simple reaction process of a single radical species.     

Contrasting Rootstock-Mediated Growth and Yield Responses in Salinized Pepper Plants (Capsicum annuum L.) Are Associated with Changes in the Hormonal Balance

Salinity provokes an imbalance of vegetative to generative growth, thus impairing crop productivity. Unlike breeding strategies, grafting is a direct and quick alternative to improve salinity tolerance in horticultural crops, through rebalancing plant development. Providing that hormones play a key role in plant growth and development and stress responses, we hypothesized that rootstock-mediated reallocation of vegetative growth and yield under salinity was associated with changes in the hormonal balance. To test this hypothesis, the hybrid pepper variety (Capsicum annuum L. “Gacela F1”) was either non-grafted or grafted onto three commercial rootstocks (Creonte, Atlante, and Terrano) and plants were grown in a greenhouse under control (0 mM NaCl) and moderate salinity (35 mM NaCl) conditions. Differential vegetative growth versus fruit yield responses were induced by rootstock and salinity. Atlante strongly increased shoot and root fresh weight with respect to the non-grafted Gacela plants associated with improved photosynthetic rate and K⁺ homeostasis under salinity. The invigorating effect of Atlante can be explained by an efficient balance between cytokinins (CKs) and abscisic acid (ABA). Creonte improved fruit yield and maintained the reproductive to vegetative ratio under salinity as a consequence of its capacity to induce biomass reallocation and to avoid Na⁺ accumulation in the shoot. The physiological responses associated with yield stability in Creonte were mediated by the inverse regulation of CKs and the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Finally, Terrano limited the accumulation of gibberellins in the shoot thus reducing plant height. Despite scion compactness induced by Terrano, both vegetative and reproductive biomass were maintained under salinity through ABA-mediated control of water relations and K⁺ homeostasis. Our data demonstrate that the contrasting developmental and physiological responses induced by the rootstock genotype in salinized pepper plants were critically mediated by hormones. This will be particularly important for rootstock breeding programs to improve salinity tolerance by focusing on hormonal traits.     

氟吗啉对辣椒疫病的防治效果

室内离体试验结果表明:氟吗啉对沈阳、丹东、彰武3地采集的不同菌株辣椒疫病病原菌(PhytophthoracapsiciLeonian)的EC50值分别为0.171、0.137、0.097ìg/ml,与对照药剂烯酰吗啉的抑菌活性基本一致;温室试验结果表明:供试药剂20%氟吗啉可湿性粉剂对辣椒疫病的EC90值为39.51ìg/ml,活性略优于对照药剂50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂(43.38ìg/ml);多点田间小区试验结果表明:氟吗啉及其混剂对辣椒疫病有优异的防治效果,生产上使用50%氟吗·锰锌可湿性粉剂在推荐使用剂量为600～800ga.i./hm2,施药3～4次,间隔8～10d的条件下,对辣椒疫病有良好的防治效果,优于相同剂量72%杜邦克露可湿性粉剂和25%甲霜灵可湿性粉剂的防治效果。     

图像中椒盐噪声去除算法研究

为了有效地去除数字图像中的椒盐噪声,提高图像质量,本文 在分析一些典型消除噪声方法的基础上,给出了一种新的椒盐噪声去除算法。首先,针对椒 盐噪声的特点,设计了一种基于动态窗口和邻域像素统计信息的噪声检测算法,有效地区分 了噪声点与非噪声,然后对检测出的噪声点,采用改进的自适性的中值滤波算法进行噪声滤 除,在滤波算法中加入了窗口大小自适应控制和滤波值调优策略。实验表明：该方法不仅能 去除图像中的椒盐噪声,而且能有效地保护图像的细节特征,对于高密度噪声的图像去 除噪声的效果比其他方法更优。     

基于模糊理论的椒盐噪声滤波算法

针对图像中的椒盐噪声,基于模糊理论设计了一种滤波算法。首先结合椒盐噪声特点,借助窗口进行噪声检测,其次设计了自适应的方法消除噪声,最后采用图像进行实验,定性和定量分析结果表明该方法对于椒盐噪声的消除可行有效。     

图象椒盐噪声的非线性自适应滤除

为了在滤除图象椒盐噪声的同时能很好地保持图象的细节,提出了一种新颖的图象椒盐噪声非线性自适应滤除算法。该方法首先在噪声图象的滤波窗口中去除具有最大和最小灰度值的象素,然后求取剩余象素的均值,计算出该均值与对应的象素灰度值的差值,再通过与阈值相比较,确定是否用求得的均值代替原噪声图象的灰度值。阈值由图象的灰度分布自适应地确定,该算法与已发表的同类算法相比,具有更好地滤波性能,尤其在噪声严重时,其效果明显优于传统的中值滤波算法。     

图像椒盐噪声的分阶段中值滤波算法

针对自适应中值滤波算法的缺陷---对高密度椒盐噪声图像滤波后留下黑色斑块,提出了一种分阶段中值滤波算法。该算法对图像执行两次小窗口的滤波操作,相较于采用较大窗口的滤波,其在有效去除噪声的同时降低了结果图像的模糊程度。先对所有噪声点进行一次中值滤波消除了盐粒噪声,再用窗口内非噪声点的灰度中值代替胡椒噪声点的灰度值以去除黑色斑块。最后的仿真实验结果表明,本文算法既有像自适应中值算法一样滤除低密度椒盐噪声的良好性能,又有对高密度椒盐噪声图像的降噪能力。