Differential Regulation of NAPDH Oxidases in Salt-Tolerant Eutrema salsugineum and Salt-Sensitive Arabidopsis thaliana

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) signalling is crucial in modulating stress responses in plants, and NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are an important component of signal transduction under salt stress. The goal of this research was to investigate whether the regulation of NOX-dependent signalling during mild and severe salinity differs between the halophyte Eutrema salsugineum and the glycophyte Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene expression analyses showed that salt-induced expression patterns of two NOX genes, RBOHD and RBOHF, varied between the halophyte and the glycophyte. Five days of salinity stimulated the expression of both genes in E. salsugineum leaves, while their expression in A. thaliana decreased. This was not accompanied by changes in the total NOX activity in E. salsugineum, while the activity in A. thaliana was reduced. The expression of the RBOHD and RBOHF genes in E. salsugineum leaves was induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and ethephon spraying. The in silico analyses of promoter sequences of RBOHD and RBOHF revealed multiple cis-acting elements related to hormone responses, and their distribution varied between E. salsugineum and A. thaliana. Our results indicate that, in the halophyte E. salsugineum, the maintenance of the basal activity of NOXs in leaves plays a role during acclimation responses to salt stress. The different expression patterns of the RBOHD and RBOHF genes under salinity in E. salsugineum and A. thaliana point to a modified regulation of these genes in the halophyte, possibly through ABA- and/or ethylene-dependent pathways.     

Recent Progress on the Salt Tolerance Mechanisms and Application of Tamarisk

Salinized soil is a major environmental stress affecting plant growth and development. Excessive salt in the soil inhibits the growth of most plants and even threatens their survival. Halophytes are plants that can grow and develop normally on saline-alkali soil due to salt tolerance mechanisms that emerged during evolution. For this reason, halophytes are used as pioneer plants for improving and utilizing saline land. Tamarisk, a family of woody halophytes, is highly salt tolerant and has high economic value. Understanding the mechanisms of salt tolerance in tamarisk and identifying the key genes involved are important for improving saline land and increasing the salt tolerance of crops. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the salt tolerance mechanisms of tamarisk and the economic and medicinal value of this halophyte.     

嗜酸乳杆菌发酵生产共轭亚油酸工艺研究

共轭亚油酸是一种具有多种生理活性的天然脂肪酸。以盐生植物紫花苜蓿的种籽油为底物，用嗜酸乳酸杆菌（Lactobacillus acidophilus）1．1854催化紫花苜蓿籽油中的亚油酸转化为共轭亚油酸。通过单因孝实验分析了发酵过程中pH、温度、预培养和苜蓿籽油的浓度对生产共轭亚油酸的影响。     

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Puccinellia tenuiflora Leaves under Na2CO3 Stress

Soil salt-alkalinization is a widespread environmental stress that limits crop growth and agricultural productivity. The influence of soil alkalization caused by Na₂CO₃ on plants is more severe than that of soil salinization. Plants have evolved some unique mechanisms to cope with alkali stress; however, the plant alkaline-responsive signaling and molecular pathways are still unknown. In the present study, Na₂CO₃ responsive characteristics in leaves from 50-day-old seedlings of halophyte Puccinellia tenuiflora were investigated using physiological and proteomic approaches. Comparative proteomics revealed 43 differentially expressed proteins in P. tenuiflora leaves in response to Na₂CO₃ treatment for seven days. These proteins were mainly involved in photosynthesis, stress and defense, carbohydrate/energy metabolism, protein metabolism, signaling, membrane and transport. By integrating the changes of photosynthesis, ion contents, and stress-related enzyme activities, some unique Na₂CO₃ responsive mechanisms have been discovered in P. tenuiflora. This study provides new molecular information toward improving the alkali tolerance of cereals.     

旱区盐碱地盐生植物改良研究动态与分析

在盐碱地的各项治理措施中,生物措施因其"省水、低投入、环境友好型"等优点而被认为是目前最具有潜力的改良途径,具有广泛的应用前景,但对其研究目前还仅处于初步阶段。通过查阅大量中外相关文献资料并结合作者在该领域多年的实验研究,本文详细评述了盐碱地盐生植物改良的研究动态,分析了盐生植物改良盐碱地的机理;论述了盐生植物的分类和改良方式,系统分析了根际土壤微环境和植物生长发育及养分吸收等对生物措施改良盐碱地的响应。系统分析发现生物改良对盐碱地改良的效果显著,潜力巨大,同时指出了目前在盐碱地生物改良研究方面存在的问题,并对其前景进行了展望,以期为盐生植物盐碱地改良的后期研究提供直接参考。     

Discovery and Characterization of Two Novel Salt-Tolerance Genes in Puccinellia tenuiflora

Puccinellia tenuiflora is a monocotyledonous halophyte that is able to survive in extreme saline soil environments at an alkaline pH range of 9–10. In this study, we transformed full-length cDNAs of P. tenuiflora into Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using the full-length cDNA over-expressing gene-hunting system to identify novel salt-tolerance genes. In all, 32 yeast clones overexpressing P. tenuiflora cDNA were obtained by screening under NaCl stress conditions; of these, 31 clones showed stronger tolerance to NaCl and were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Four novel genes encoding proteins with unknown function were identified; these genes had no homology with genes from higher plants. Of the four isolated genes, two that encoded proteins with two transmembrane domains showed the strongest resistance to 1.3 M NaCl. RT-PCR and northern blot analysis of P. tenuiflora cultured cells confirmed the endogenous NaCl-induced expression of the two proteins. Both of the proteins conferred better tolerance in yeasts to high salt, alkaline and osmotic conditions, some heavy metals and H₂O₂ stress. Thus, we inferred that the two novel proteins might alleviate oxidative and other stresses in P. tenuiflora.     

土体粒径对盐生植物根–土复合体抗剪强度影响的试验研究

 为研究盐生植物根系的固土护坡力学效应,探讨土体粒径对植物根系加筋固土作用和提高土体抗剪强度的影响。以青海柴达木盆地大柴旦盐湖区为研究区,选取海韭菜(Triglochin maritima Linn.)和无脉苔草(Carex enervis C.A.Mey.)2种优势盐生植物作为供试种,选取粒径大小分别为颗粒直径d≤0.25 mm和d≤0.5 mm粒径条件下的2种土体,制备根–土复合体扰动试样和不含根系素土扰动试样,分别进行了不固结不排水三轴压缩试验,以探讨2种盐生植物增强土体抗剪强度贡献,以及2种粒径条件下的根–土复合体抗剪强度指标变化规律;在此基础上,探讨土体粒径差异对根–土复合体抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明：盐生植物根系加筋固土作用主要表现为在2种不同土体粒径条件下,海韭菜根–土复合体与无脉苔草根–土复合体抗剪强度强度均显著大于素土抗剪强度,且垂直布根海韭菜根–土复合体的抗剪强度显著大于水平或倾斜布根无脉苔草根–土复合体抗剪强度;土体粒径的差异可影响植物根系增强土体抗剪强度大小,即主要表现为在相同的含根量条件下,土体粒径愈小,由该粒径土体与根系共同组成的根–土复合体黏聚力值则愈大。同时,进一步研究表明,水平或倾斜布根的无脉苔草根–土复合体的抗剪强度受土体粒径大小的影响,相对大于垂直布根的海韭菜根–土复合体中的土体粒径大小对其抗剪强度影响。研究成果对于进一步探讨盐生植物根–土复合体抗剪强度的影响因素,以及利用盐生植物有效防治研究区水土流失、土壤侵蚀等地质灾害方面具有重要理论指导意义。     

乳酸菌发酵生产共轭亚油酸

以盐生植物紫花苜蓿籽油为底物,用嗜酸乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)1.1854催化紫花苜蓿籽油中的亚油酸转化为共轭亚油酸(CLA)。通过单因素实验,分析了发酵过程中pH、预培养、苜蓿籽油的浓度和乳酸菌菌液浓度对生产共轭亚油酸的影响。实验结果表明,预培养时加入一定量的苜蓿籽油可提高CLA转化率,发酵pH6.4,苜蓿籽油浓度0.05%,菌浓度2.5%时CLA转化率较高。