Stabilization And Tracking Of Underactuated Surface Vessels In Random Waves With Fin Based On Adaptive Hierarchical Sliding Mode Technique

Trajectory tracking and roll stabilization are both vital practices in ship motion control. Trajectory tracking is a kind of low‐frequency control, while roll stabilization by means of fins is a kind of high‐frequency control. However, they have been studied separately previously; most tracking control of underactuated surface vessels in the previous studies do not account for roll stabilization by means of fins. In reality, however, they are an integral system. In this paper, a simple control strategy is proposed to achieve trajectory tracking and fin roll stabilization simultaneously. Four degrees of freedom derived from a six degrees of freedom mathematical model of a surface vessel is considered, including surge, sway, roll and yaw. Surge force, roll moment and yaw moment are considered as control inputs, while position, yaw angle and roll angle are controlled. The number of control inputs is fewer than the outputs to be controlled. Therefore, we are dealing with an underactuated problem. An adaptive hierarchical sliding mode control technique is employed to deal with the underactuation. Stabilization of underactuated surface vessels is studied as a special case. Random waves are applied to test the robustness of the designed controllers. Lyapunov stability theory is used to show the stability of closed‐loop system. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.     

基于模糊PID的无人水面艇直线路径跟踪

针对固定参数PID方法在无人水面艇直线路径跟踪控制中出现的大迴转问题,提出一种基于模糊PID的直线路径跟踪方法。在系统中增加模糊推理模块,利用航向与跟踪直线之间的偏差角以及无人艇位置与跟踪直线之间的距离误差,根据模糊推理的方法动态地调整PID参数。通过PID控制器实时调整左右两侧推进电机的输入电压,实现对给定直线路径的自主跟踪。仿真结果表明,在初始航向偏差角较大时,该方法克服了采用固定参数PID控制方法时出现的大迴转现象;在初始航向偏差角较小时,该方法在超调量以及调节时间方面的直线跟踪性能优于固定参数PID控制方法。     

USV&AUV水下目标协同搜索与打击航迹规划

异构载运工具合作执行复杂任务是提高任务完成效率的有效手段,已被广泛应用于军事与民用任务.关注对水下目标的搜索与打击任务,此项任务由水面航行器(unmanned surface vehicle, USV)与水下航行器(autonomous underwater vehicle, AUV)合作完成.首先描述USV&AUV系统的框架以及USV与AUV在系统中发挥的作用.在协同航迹规划模型中,整个任务被划分为目标搜索和目标打击两个阶段,两个阶段的目标分别是使得搜索空间最大和AUV与目标的末端位置误差最小.模型中的约束包括USV和AUV的机动能力、目标探测能力、通讯范围等.在协同策略的设计中,针对该任务两个阶段的特点,分别基于随机模拟实验和异步规划策略设计协同航迹规划算法,以集中式和分布式模式分别生成两阶段的航迹.仿真结果表明, USV&AUV系统能够在不同的条件下完成对水下目标的搜索与打击任务.在目标打击阶段,与集中式规划结构相比,分布式规划结构能够应对各种复杂的场景并成功完成任务.     

主从式USV协同定位系统性能分析

为研究以距离为观测量的主从式无人水面航行器(unmanned surface vehicle,USV)协同定位系统在不同运动状态下的定位性能问题,建立一种新的协同坐标系,并在该坐标系中推导主从USV运动模型,以主从USV相对距离为观测量分析主从式USV协同定位系统的可观测性及可观测度.同时,针对不可观测路径,提出通过改变控制输入的方法以达到提高系统可观测度的目的.通过MATLAB仿真实验与水面舰艇实验,结果表明:在不同情况下,通过调整控制输入的方法改变系统的可观测度是有效的;利用所提出的分析方法可以反映协同定位系统的定位性能,验证了所得结论及方法的有效性.     

固定双桨驱动的无人水面艇自主直线路径跟踪系统

针对直流电机驱动固定双桨的无人水面艇,介绍了一种自主直线路径跟踪系统,该系统由岸基监控系统和艇载控制系统组成,具有自主航行和遥控航行两种工作模式,可在自主航行出现危险时切换到遥控模式,保证航行安全。岸基监控系统通过数传电台与艇载控制系统通信,向艇载控制系统发送控制命令,接收并显示其传回的状态信息;艇载控制系统以工控机为主控单元,进行数据采集与解算,与岸基监控系统通信,并为直线路径跟踪控制算法提供程序接口;GPS双天线高精度测向定位系统为直线路径跟踪控制算法提供位置和航向信息,直线路径跟踪控制算法根据距离偏差和航向偏差计算出左右两侧电机电压,进而控制无人水面艇航行。实验分别采用了PID、模糊控制和模糊PID三种控制方法,系统实际水上实验表明,在风力2~3级,晴到多云天气条件下,无人水面艇对目标路径的最大跟踪误差小于0.6 m。     

混合仿人智能图式的无人艇自主驾控系统设计

针对高度动态、不可预测的海洋环境,开展了无人艇智能运动控制系统的设计研究.首先本文利用认知学科的"图式"概念来分析人体运动控制系统的结构,提出一种混合式分层递阶结构,把人类的先验知识、专家经验融入到该结构中,并在实践中不断学习和完善,则形成了一种混合仿人智能图式;然后根据该图式的思想,设计了自主驾控系统的体系结构,并编制成简单实用、逻辑性强、能实时运行的控制流程;最后进行了无人艇的航线跟踪和安全自主航行的半实物仿真试验,仿真结果表明该无人艇可以安全的避开其他船舶并尽量跟踪航线.     

Maternal care, isolation-induced infant ultrasonic calling, and their relations to adult anxiety-related behavior in the rat.

In the rat, variations in maternal care affect the development of stable individual differences in anxiety-related behavior. Here, it was asked whether such experience-dependent differences can be detected already during early life. As a measure for anxiety in pups, isolation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations were used, and their dependency on different maternal behaviors, namely licking, retrieval behavior, and responsiveness to playback of pup calls, was tested. Consistent with reported differences of adult rats with high or low levels of maternal care experienced, the rarely licked offspring appeared to be more anxious, since they emitted more calls when separated from their mother and litter. Based on these findings, it was examined whether infant calling can be used as a predictor of adult anxiety-related behavior. Results show that infant call emission was negatively correlated with immobility and calling during fear conditioning. These relationships seem to be mediated at least partly by maternal care. In total, measuring ultrasonic vocalizations can provide information about an affective trait of infant and adult rats, which gives the opportunity to study the development of emotionality from early life onward. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

欠驱动USV神经网络自适应轨迹跟踪控制

为解决欠驱动USV系统在模型不确定性和未知海流干扰下的水平面轨迹跟踪问题,基于反步法与自适应技术,提出一种非线性鲁棒轨迹跟踪控制策略. 针对欠驱动USV参数不确定问题,运用神经网络自适应方法对欠驱动USV系统未知函数进行估计和逼近;然后,运用动态面方法获取虚拟变量的导数,不仅控制律结构简单,易于工程实现,而且有效地减小了传统反步法中虚拟变量直接求导的复杂性;针对未知时变海流的干扰,设计了一种指数收敛海流观测器,有效估计未知缓慢时变海流速度;其次,基于李雅普诺夫理论证明了所设计的控制器能够保证运动轨迹收敛于期望值,并且保证了该轨迹跟踪闭环控制系统所有信号最终一致有界;最后,在控制输入受限条件下,为检验该控制器的跟踪性能,选取圆轨迹作为参考轨迹,仿真实验表明,该控制器能够有效地实现预期轨迹,神经网络自适应方法对系统未知函数可有效估计和逼近,对未知时变海流干扰具有较强的鲁棒性,轨迹跟踪误差和速度跟踪误差均收敛到零附近的一个邻域内,从而验证了所提出控制器的有效性.     

多无人船编队控制半实物仿真系统开发

设计并实现了用于模拟多无人船编队的实时半实物仿真系统。该系统通过对电压信号的数模模数转换模拟电机控制信号的输出和采集,通过串行通讯端口模拟测量设备的数据输出和数据采集。利用PC104平台搭建无人船控制器,使用基于VxWorks的实时控制软件;利用工控机和VC＋＋6．0环境搭建无人船仿真中心,实现无人船仿真过程数据的图形化显示。最后仿真实验表明该系统可以良好的模拟多无人船的编队行为,在验证编队算法和测试无人船嵌入式控制软件方面有很强的实用性。     

Improved Denoising Autoencoder for Maritime Image Denoising and Semantic Segmentation of USV

Unmanned surface vehicle(USV)is currently a hot research topic in maritime communication network(MCN),where denoising and semantic segmentation of maritime images taken by USV have been rarely studied.The former has recently researched on autoencoder model used for image denoising,but the existed models are too complicated to be suitable for real-time detection of USV.In this paper,we proposed a lightweight autoencoder combined with inception module for maritime image denoising in different noisy environments and explore the effect of different inception modules on the denoising performance.Furthermore,we completed the semantic segmentation task for maritime images taken by USV utilizing the pretrained U-Net model with tuning,and compared them with original U-Net model based on different backbone.Subsequently,we compared the semantic segmentation of noised and denoised maritime images respectively to explore the effect of image noise on semantic segmentation performance.Case studies are provided to prove the feasibility of our proposed denoising and segmentation method.Finally,a simple integrated communication system combining image denoising and segmentation for USV is shown.