Nanomechanical characterization of polymer using atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation

The nanomechanical characteristics of polycarbonate (PC) polymer were investigated by atomic force microscope (AFM) and nanoindentation. Scratching, wear properties, hardness and Young's modulus were obtained. The relationships between scribing feed and speed, surface depth and roughness and applied load were also investigated. The results indicated that as the applied load was increased, the furrow depth and the surface roughness increased. When the scribing feed was increased, the depth and roughness decreased. Increasing the furrow speed also decreased the surface roughness. The applied load is more significant than the scribing speed on the material removal rate. In addition, the Young's modulus and hardness of the polycarbonate material were 1.8 and 0.2 GPa, respectively.     

Structure and properties of CE/CTBN/EP blends: II. Effect of EP on the mechanical properties and thermostability of the CE/CTBN system

Carboxyl‐terminated butadiene‐acrylonitrile rubber (CTBN) has often been used to improve the toughness of cyanate ester (CE) resin while sacrificing modulus and thermostability. In this paper, the addition of the appropriate amount of epoxy resin (EP) to the CE/CTBN system is shown to not only increase the modulus and thermostability of the blend, but also improve the toughness. The values of impact strength showed a maximum for the CE/CTBN/EP 100/5/5 blend. The temperature of 10 % weight loss (T₁₀) improves from 376 °C for CE/CTBN 100/5 to 407 °C for the CE/CTBN/EP 100/5/2.5 blend. It is proposed that addition of the appropriate amount of EP can decrease the mobility and increase the stability of CTBN via the reaction between the terminal carboxyl group of CTBN and the hydroxyl group of EP. But a very high EP concentration will decrease the crosslinking density of CE, consequently reducing the mechanical properties and thermostability of the blends. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

纳米稀土复合超强酸SO42-/ZrO2-La2O3催化合成乙酸冰片酯及其动力学初探

采用纳米稀土复合固体超强酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-La2O3催化合成乙酸冰片酯，并对反应条件和该反应的动力学进行了探究。结果表明，在反应温度为120℃，催化剂用量为天然冰片质量的6％．天然冰片与乙酸的摩尔比为1：6，反应时间为8h时，反应的酯化率和选择性可达到93．14％和99．8％．研究发现，该催化剂可重复使用，并能活化再生。给出了反应速率方程，测出了反应的活化能。     

狭小场地条件下大跨度预应力混凝土拱板的运输及吊装

介绍了大跨度预应力混凝土拱板在狭小场地条件下的起模、运输及空间滑移吊装的方法，经在众多中直粮库中的应用，证明该方法简单、适用、经济。     

The Effect of the Estimation on Goodness‐of‐Fit Tests in Time Series Models

Abstract. We analyze, by simulation, the finite‐sample properties of goodness‐of‐fit tests based on residual autocorrelation coefficients (simple and partial) obtained using different estimators frequently used in the analysis of autoregressive moving‐average time‐series models. The estimators considered are unconditional least squares, maximum likelihood and conditional least squares. The results suggest that although the tests based on these estimators are asymptotically equivalent for particular models and parameter values, their sampling properties for samples of the size commonly found in economic applications can differ substantially, because of differences in both finite‐sample estimation efficiencies and residual regeneration methods.     

Modelling the effects of dam removal on migratory walleye (Sander vitreus) early life‐history stages

Many dams in the USA have outlived their intended purpose and an increasing number are being considered for removal. Yet, quantitative studies of the potential physical, biological and ecological responses are needed to assess dam removal decisions. In this paper, the responses of migratory walleye (Sander vitreus) to increased spawning habitat availability as a result of dam removal was studied by comparing scenarios with and without a high‐head dam in the Sandusky River (Ohio), a major tributary to Lake Erie. A conceptual, ecological model was proposed to define the relationship between hydrodynamics and walleye spawning, egg hatching, larval drift and survival. A mathematical, ecological model of the early life‐history stages was then developed and coupled with time series of depth and velocity predictions over the spawning grounds from a 1‐D hydrodynamic model. Model simulations were run for 1984–1993 for both the with‐ and without‐dam scenarios to assess the potential benefit of dam removal. The simulation results demonstrated that velocity, depth and water temperature are major factors influencing adult walleye spawning success. Without the dam, 10 times the amount of spawning habitat would be available for walleye to spawn. This increase in spawning habitat area resulted in up to five times the total egg deposition and seven times the larval output to the nursing grounds, based on the assumption that 5% of the walleye population of Lake Erie migrated up the Sandusky River to spawn. We concluded that the spawning habitat in the current condition (with the dam) is limiting and additional spawning habitat upstream could significantly increase the number of larval walleye drifting to Lake Erie. The model sensitivity analysis showed that the number of walleye migrating up the river in spring is the dominant factor for larval recruitment to the lake. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一氯胺消毒剂检测新技术及应用

讨论了传统一氯胺测定方法在应用中的局限性,并介绍了一种新的检测技术.实际应用表明该技术可以使水厂饮用水消毒中产生尽可能多的一氯胺,还可以使污水处理厂出水消毒中一氯胺的检测精确,而不受有机氯胺、亚硝酸盐和锰的干扰;帮助水厂控制过量投加氯和氨,从而降低成本.     

二维多波束蜂窝网覆盖方法研究

提出一种基于二维多波束形成的蜂窝网覆盖方法,该方法旨在通过对平面阵阵元权矢量的控制,使所形成的波束在空域上呈非均匀蜂窝网结构,达到重点地区覆盖密度高,非重点区域覆盖密度低的目的,减小资源利用率,并重点分析了波束设计思路和权值的计算方法,仿真结果表明:该覆盖方法是有效的.     

憎水性栀子蓝色素制备的研究

以浓盐酸为催化剂,采用乙酸酐酯化处理水溶性栀子蓝色素,制备了憎水性栀子蓝色素.探讨了栀子蓝色素与乙酸酐料液比、反应时间和反应温度等因素对憎水性栀子蓝色素色价的影响.结果表明:采用料液比1:20,在常温下反应4 h,为制备憎水性栀子蓝色素的最优条件.同时,通过红外光谱、可见吸收光谱及溶解性对栀子蓝色素的酯化改性进行了初步的探讨.     

基体温度对磁控溅射沉积ZAO薄膜性能的影响

利用中频交流磁控溅射方法 ,采用氧化锌铝陶瓷靶材 [w(ZnO) =98%、w(Al2 O3 ) =2 % ]制备了ZAO(ZnO∶Al)薄膜 ,观察了基体温度对ZAO薄膜的晶体结构、电学和光学性能的影响 ,采用X射线衍射仪对薄膜的结构进行了分析 ,采用光学分度计和电阻测试仪测量了薄膜的光学、电学特性 ,采用霍尔测试仪测量了薄膜的载流子浓度和霍尔迁移率。结果表明 :沉积薄膜时的基体温度对薄膜的结构、结晶状况、可见光透射率以及导电性有较大的影响。当基体温度为 2 5 0℃ ,Ar分压为 0 8Pa时 ,薄膜的最低电阻率为 4 6× 10 -4Ω·cm ,方块电阻为 35Ω时 ,可见光 (λ =5 5 0nm)透射率高达 92 0 %。