In vivo Kinetic Biodistribution of Nano‐Sized Outer Membrane Vesicles Derived from Bacteria

Evaluation of kinetic distribution and behaviors of nanoparticles in vivo provides crucial clues into their roles in living organisms. Extracellular vesicles are evolutionary conserved nanoparticles, known to play important biological functions in intercellular, inter‐species, and inter‐kingdom communication. In this study, the first kinetic analysis of the biodistribution of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs)—bacterial extracellular vesicles—with immune‐modulatory functions is performed. OMVs, injected intraperitoneally, spread to the whole mouse body and accumulate in the liver, lung, spleen, and kidney within 3 h of administration. As an early systemic inflammation response, increased levels of TNF‐α and IL‐6 are observed in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In addition, the number of leukocytes and platelets in the blood is decreased. OMVs and cytokine concentrations, as well as body temperature are gradually decreased 6 h after OMV injection, in concomitance with the formation of eye exudates, and of an increase in ICAM‐1 levels in the lung. Following OMV elimination, most of the inflammatory signs are reverted, 12 h post‐injection. However, leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are increased as a late reaction. Taken together, these results suggest that OMVs are effective mediators of long distance communication in vivo.     

陕南山地烟田不同植烟年限土壤养分的变化

为给陕南山地烟草生产布局及有针对性的施肥措施提供依据,分析了陕南山地烟田不同植烟年限(0~15年)与土壤养分含量的关系。结果表明:随着植烟年限延长,有机质线性下降,全氮和速效钾显著上升,有效磷先上升后下降;氯、有效铁、有效锰、有效硼和有效铜无显著变化或变化很小,有效锌则在第1年急剧下降,之后保持稳定,10年后再次显著下降。认为陕南山地烟区烟叶生产中应适当增加有机肥的施用而合理控制氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的施用,并要注意锌肥的补充。     

Combination of heat treatment and chitosan coating to improve postharvest quality of wolfberry (Lycium barbarum)

The synergistic application of hot water dip at 42 °C for 30 min and 1% chitosan coating on differentiation in postharvest quality traits, microstructure as well as microbiological evolution of wolfberry fruits was investigated. Fresh wolfberry fruits were stored at 2 ± 0.5 °C and 90% relative humidity (RH) for 28 days. Results indicated the combination of prestorage heat treatment and chitosan coating maintained higher levels of ascorbic acid, total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity as well as lower decay, compared with untreated wolfberry fruits. The possible mechanism was that the heat treatment almost sealed open stomata to limit the sites of pathogen penetration into fruits independently, followed by the biofilm formed by chitosan which controlled secondary infections as well as slowed changes in fruit respiration and metabolic activity in wolfberries. The synergistically treated fruit also exhibited a higher acceptability obtained by sensory analysis after cold storage. In this sense, the integrated application of heat treatment and chitosan coating could be regarded as an effective strategy to extend storage life and maintain the postharvest quality of wolfberry fruits.     

基于滑模的运载器主动段俯仰通道姿控系统设计

与传统比例-积分-微分（PID）控制方法相比，滑模控制（SMC）方法可以比较容易地将不确定性纳入控制器设计中，从而增强系统的鲁棒性。探索了SMC技术在运载器主动段姿态控制中的工程应用，首先通过分析基于趋近律的SMC系统，提出了降低不连续切换项系数的需求，然后研究了基于干扰上界的SMC方法。三通道小偏差仿真结果验证了两种方法的控制效果，表明第2种控制器的鲁棒性更好，稳态误差小，同时发动机喷管摆角需求较小。     

Metal-polyphenol-network coated CaCO3 as pH-responsive nanocarriers to enable effective intratumoral penetration and reversal of multidrug resistance for augmented cancer treatments

Construction of multifunctional stimuli-responsive nanotherapeutics enabling improved intratumoral penetration of therapeutics and reversal of multiple-drug resistance (MDR) is potent to achieve effective cancer treatment. Herein, we report a general method to synthesize pH-dissociable calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) hollow nanoparticles with amorphous CaCO₃ as the template, gallic acid (GA) as the organic ligand, and ferrous ions as the metallic center via a one-pot coordination reaction. The obtained GA–Fe@CaCO₃ exhibits high loading efficiencies to both oxidized cisplatin prodrug and doxorubicin, yielding drug loaded GA–Fe@CaCO₃ nanotherapeutics featured in pH-responsive size shrinkage, drug release, and Fenton catalytic activity. Compared to nonresponsive GA–Fe@silica nanoparticles prepared with silica nanoparticles as the template, such GA–Fe@CaCO₃ confers significantly improved intratumoral penetration capacity. Moreover, both types of drug-loaded GA–Fe@CaCO₃ nanotherapeutics exhibit synergistic therapeutic efficacies to corresponding MDR cancer cells because of the GA–Fe mediated intracellular oxidative stress amplification that could reduce the efflux of engulfed drugs by impairing the mitochondrial-mediated production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). As a result, it is found that the doxorubicin loaded GA–Fe@CaCO₃ exhibits superior therapeutic effect towards doxorubicin-resistant 4T1 breast tumors via combined chemodynamic and chemo-therapies. This work highlights the preparation of pH-dissociable CaCO₃-based nanotherapeutics to enable effective tumor penetration for enhanced treatment of drug-resistant tumors.

     

面向航空通信应用的边沿触发器教学设计

研究和分析了面向航空通信应用的边沿触发器教学设计。以边沿触发电路实现原理为核心,引导边沿触发机制的探究式学习；以航空机载网络通信为具体应用背景,引入科学研究和工程实现中实际问题,设计曼切斯特码检测系统实验；使得边沿触发器教学成为“知识再创造”的过程和创新实践的新载体,以期培养新工科背景下的独立、创新和实践精神。     

废菌渣活性炭的制备及对废水中硝基苯的吸附

以废菌渣为原料制备活性炭，采用能量-色散光谱（EDS）和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）进行表征，结果表明：活性炭表面具有多种官能团，有利于提高对硝基苯的吸附。并研究了活性炭吸附硝基苯的影响因素（pH、初始浓度、吸附时间、投加量）、吸附等温线及热力学。结果表明：在常温中性pH条件下，初始浓度为50mg/L，活性炭用量为0.15g时硝基苯去除率可达98%，出水水质满足《污水综合排放标准》（GB 8978－1996）中对硝基苯浓度低于2.0mg/L的要求。活性炭对硝基苯的吸附具有较快的吸附速率，即1min接近平衡。该吸附行为是自发放热反应，可以用Freundlich模型很好地拟合。废菌渣活性炭对硝基苯的吸附主要是疏水作用和氧化钼活化共同作用的结果。因此，以农业废弃物-废菌渣制备得到的废菌渣活性炭具有良好的经济实用性，可用于废水处理中，实现以废治废的目的。     

氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定一水合硫酸锰中的铅

采用水直接溶解样品,以铁氰化钾作为氧化剂,硼氢化钾作为还原剂,控制盐酸酸度为2％,铁氰化钾浓度为13 g/L,硼氢化钾浓度为12 g/L,建立了氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)测定一水合硫酸锰(MnSO4·H2 O)中铅的方法.研究了样品溶液中锰的基体影响,结果表明:锰对铅的测定产生基体效应;该方法的线性范围为10～100 ng/mL,相关系数为0.9996;该方法用于一水合硫酸锰中铅的测定,结果与电感耦合等离子体质谱法相符,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.7％ ～2.4％,加标回收率为94％ ～102％.本方法检测范围为铅含量0.0001％ ～0.001％,其能满足国家标准对饲料级和食品级硫酸锰中铅含量的要求.