Experimental study and numerical modeling of mixing by air injection in yield stress fluids using the OpenFOAM software

Mixing by gas injection is an operation used in industrial processes such as wastewater treatment, metallurgy, or methanization in which pressurized gas is injected into a fluid in order to reduce concentrations and temperatures gradients. This study demonstrates how the CFD toolbox OpenFOAM can be used to simulate such flows. Experimental measurements and observations have been performed on a pilot-scale reactor where pressurized air is injected in a yield stress fluid. The volume of fluid method and an adaptive mesh with refinement at the interface have been used to track the gas inclusions. The numerical model accuracy has been assessed by comparing experimental and numerical results related to the bubble's frequency, dimensions, and rising velocities as well as the fluid recirculation, yielded, and unyielded regions in the tank. The influence of injection parameters such as the injection flow rate and the fluid rheological parameters has been quantified.     

Mechanics-aided digital image correlation for the investigation of piezoelectric and ferroelectric behaviour of a soft PZT

The strain response of a polarised PZT was characterised using Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The DIC algorithm is based on a global approach and regularises the displacement field using the balance equations of solid mechanics. The measurement error is reduced by correcting the displacements that are mechanically not admissible. A ferroelectric test showed that the standard deviations of strain fields remain mostly under 1.2 × 10^?4 for an element size of 64 px. The standard deviation on the average value is 3 × 10^?6. The strain field is homogeneous and its average value is consistent with the strain obtained from a CCD laser measurement device. The longitudinal strain, transverse strain and polarisation response of the PZT were measured for bipolar and unipolar loadings ranging from 50 to 5000 V/mm. Material properties were extracted from these measurements. This work shows the advantages of a novel 2D-DIC algorithm for piezoelectric strain characterisation.     

Structural evolution at short and medium range distances during crystallization of a P2O5-Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 glass

Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ (LAS) glass-ceramics have important industrial applications and bulk nucleation is usually achieved by using nucleating agents. In particular, P₂O₅ is an efficient agent in glasses containing a low level of Al₂O₃ but its role in the first stages of nucleation is not well established. In this study, we combine structural investigations from local to mesoscales to describe the structural evolution during crystallization of LAS glass-ceramics. Local environment is probed using ²⁹Si and ³¹P MAS-NMR, indicating organization of P in poorly crystallized Li₃PO₄ species prior to any crystallization. To better understand the detailed nanoscale changes of the glass structure, ³¹P-³¹P DQ-DRENAR homonuclear correlation experiments have been carried out, revealing the gradual segregation of P atoms associated with the formation of disordered Li₃PO₄. Small-angle neutron scattering data also show the apparition of nanoscale heterogeneities associated with Li₃PO₄ species upon heating treatments and allow the determination of their average sizes. These new structural information enhance our understanding of the role of P in nucleation mechanisms. Nucleation is initiated by gradual change in P environment implying P segregation upon heating treatments, forming disordered Li₃PO₄ heterogeneities. The segregation of P atoms enables the precipitation of meta- and disilicate phases.     

Smart gateways switching control algorithms based on tropospheric propagation forecasts

The use Q/V band spectrum for the feeder links of high throughput satellites and the need to cope with the significant propagation impairments at those frequencies motivate the development of smart diversity techniques. Those techniques aim at improving the availability level of the overall feeder link with a limited level of redundancy. The combinatorial gain of availability provided by those techniques can be obtained only if efficient switching methodologies are developed, performing the best trade‐off between system flexibility and channel prediction accuracy. This paper proposes various propagation forecast mechanisms for the control of switching between gateways in smart diversity, corresponding to various system assumptions in terms of required anticipation time for the triggering of the switches. The performances of those algorithms are then assessed against measured attenuation and meteorological data. It enables to evaluate the performance degradation regarding an idealized case.     

喷射器设计与使用管理中的一种特殊现象研究

基于大量试验发现了喷射器扩压管喉径与喷嘴喉径匹配过程中存在的中间迟钝现象,并对它进行了较深入的研究。结果表明,这一现象的出现时机主要取决于喷嘴喉径、出入口流体的压力及压差;在对大量试验数据按数值方法进行处理后,得出了中间迟钝现象出现时机的简易判据。应用这一研究,可以有效减少喷射器设计的工作量,提高设计效率;可以形象地说明喷射器实际工况偏离设计点时效率下降的原因;还可用于指导喷射器变工况下的使用管理,减小变工况下工作调节的盲目性。     

Viscometer using drag force measurements

A robust and precise viscometer using the forces exerted by a laminar flow inside a small duct is presented: the force is measured on a long cylindrical sensor dipped into the flow. Two devices of respective volumes 1.4 and 0.031?ml have been realized, demonstrating that the technique is usable with small fluid volumes. Several Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids have been tested at shear rates ranging from 0.3 to 10?s(-1) for the first device and from 85 to 2550?s(-1) for the second one. For Newtonian fluids, of viscosities ranging from 10(-3) to 0.1?Pa?s, the linear response of the device has been verified and a 90% agreement with the values provided by commercial rheometers is obtained. For non-Newtonian polymer solutions, the variation of the force with the flow velocity allows one to determine the dependence of the viscosity on the shear rate. Two shear thinning polymer solutions with a power law behavior at intermediate shear rates have been investigated and their rheological parameters have been determined.     

矿用机械式挖掘机动态测试传感器的研制

本文根据大型矿用机械式挖掘机动态测试方案的要求，开发研制出一种新型的推压力传感器，解决了大型挖掘机国产化研究中动态测量这一关键性技术难题。传感器结构新颖独特，性能良好在矿山机械和工程机械中具有广泛地应用价值。     

金属氧化物对镉电极的影响

本文研究了几种金属氧化物对镉电极活性物质利用率以及对密封Cd/Ni蓄电池荷电保持能力的影响。结果表明,镉电极中添加MgO、ZnO和Fe_2O_3可提高活性物质利用率;添加o_2O_3则显著降低活性物质利用率。MgO、In_2O_3和ZnO的添加,提高了密封Cd/Ni蓄电池的荷电保持能力;Co_2O_3和Fe_2O_3的添加,降低了其荷电保持能力。最后,探讨了MgO和ZnO在镐电极中的适宜添加量。