Effects of parental separation and divorce on very young children.

Data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care were analyzed to explore effects of marital separation on children in the first 3 years of life. The sample included 73 never-married mothers and 97 separated mothers; a comparison group of 170 was conditionally randomly selected from the 2-parent families. Children in 2-parent families performed better than children in 1-parent families on assessments of cognitive and social abilities, problem behavior, attachment security, and behavior with mother. However, controlling for mothers' education and family income reduced these differences, and associations with separated-intact marital status were nonsignificant (the effect size was .01). Thus, children's psychological development was not affected by parental separation per se; it was related to mothers' income, education, ethnicity, childrearing beliefs, depressive symptoms, and behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Contact stress distributions in a turbine disc dovetail type joint - a comparison of photoelastic and finite element results

Two dimensional photoelastic frozen stress techniques were used to investigate the stress distributions of an axially loaded dovetail joint as is found in the design of some turbine blade-disc fixings. The internal stress distributions were obtained by the shear difference method and were compared to results obtained by using the finite element method. It was found that steep principal stress gradients were present immediately below the contact surfaces in the zone adjacent to the fillet radius of the dovetail fixing, which could be an important consideration in the fatigue strength of the joint. The finite element model used gave the same trends of stress as the photoelastic model, predicted higher peak principal stresses and did not exhibit the same detailed variations of stress distribution.     

Processing of short‐fiber reinforced polypropylene. I. Influence of processing conditions on the morphology of extruded filaments

An experimental investigation of the processing of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene is presented. Final fiber orientation distribution, fiber distribution in filament sections, rheological properties, final fiber length distribution and surface morphology were analyzed. This analysis was done taking into account the quantity of fibers and their interactions and flow conditions. The final fiber orientation increased when shear rate increased and fiber concentration decreased. Moreover, inhomogeneities in fiber distribution increased as the concentration of fibers decreased. The density profile showed a significant variation with fiber concentration, but it was not dependent on the shear rate applied. The viscosity showed a linear dependence with shear rate. The average fiber length and the breadth of this distribution decreased with the increasing fiber concentration and extrusion rate. The extruded filament surface showed minor roughness when the shear rate increased or when the fiber concentration decreased. The results of this experimental characterization give useful information to determine the influence of the processing variables on the final properties of short‐fiber reinforced polypropylene and constitutes the first part of a more ambitious project that also includes the development of a modeling strategy of the processing behavior for short‐fiber composites.     

Relative contributions of expressive behavior and contextual information to the judgment of the emotional state of another.

Used a technique for assessing the relative impact of facial–gestural expressions, as opposed to contextual information regarding the elicitor and situation, on the judgment of emotion. In Study 1, 28 undergraduates rated videotapes of spontaneous facial–gestural expressions and separately rated the emotionally loaded color slides that elicited those expressions. The source clarities of the expressions and slides were matched using correlation and distance measures, and 18 expressions and 9 slides were selected. In Study 2, 72 undergraduate receivers were shown systematic pairings of these expressions and slides and rated the emotional state of the expresser, who was supposedly watching that slide under public or private situational conditions. Expressions were found to be more important sources for all emotion judgments. For female receivers slides were relatively more important in the public than the private situation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE HISTORY OF BREWING IN BURTON UPON TRENT

The growth of the brewing industry in Burton on Trent from the eleventh century in Burton Abbey is traced through the many phases of development to the present day.     

A biomechanical and ergonomic evaluation of patient transferring tasks: wheelchair to shower chair and shower chair to wheelchair.

A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate five different manual techniques (two-person manual lifting; rocking and pulling the patient using a gait belt with two persons; walking belt with one and two persons) and three different mechanical hoists (Hoyer lift, Trans-Aid and Ambulift) for transferring patients from wheelchair to shower chair and shower chair to wheelchair. Six female nursing students with prior patient transfer experience served both as nurses and as passive patients. Static biomechanical evaluation showed that the mean trunk flexion moments, erector spinae muscle forces and compressive and shear forces at the L5S1 disc for the four pulling methods ranged from 92 to 125 Nm, 1845 to 2507 N, 1973 to 2641 N and 442 to 580 N, respectively, as compared to about 213 Nm, 4260 N, 5050 N and 926 N for two-person manual lifting. Perceived stress ratings for the shoulder, upper back, lower back and whole body were significantly lower for pulling methods than those for lifting the patient (p less than or equal to 0.01). Patients found pulling techniques, except the gait belt, to be more comfortable and secure than the lifting method (p less than or equal to 0.01). However, most of the nurses believed that Medesign and the one-person walking belt would not work on those patients who cannot bear weight and those who are heavy, contracted or combative. A two-person walking belt was the most preferred method. Two out of three hoists (Hoyer lift and Trans-Aid) were perceived by the nurses to be more stressful than one- and two-person walking belts. The patients found these two hoists to be more uncomfortable and less secure than with three of the five manual methods (one- and two-person walking belts and Medesign). Pulling techniques and hoists took significantly longer amounts of time to make the transfer than manually lifting the patient (p less than or equal to 0.01). The two-person walking belt, using a gentle rocking motion to utilize momentum and a pulling technique, and Ambulift are recommended for transferring patients from wheelchair to shower chair and shower chair to wheelchair.     

Magnetic properties of porous iron compacts

Magnetic hysteresis measurements, magnetoacoustic emission, and the Barkhausen effect have been used to investigate the magnetic properties of six porous iron compacts with porosities in the range 0.3–6.2% and pore sizes in the range 1.6–13.2 µm. Coercivity and maximum permeability varied with pore size, showing respectively a maximum and a minimum for pore areas in the range 50–100 (µm)², corresponding to pore diameters 8–11 µm. Significant correlations were found between several of the magnetic parameters including a fundamental relationship between coercivity, initial permeability, and maximum differential permeability. There were also indications of a correlation between magnetic properties and the initial molding pressure, although these were not conclusive. However, none of the magnetic properties was found to vary in a progressive manner with percentage porosity, although it is conceivable that if all other variables, such as pore size and grain size, remained constant, that changes in magnetic properties with porosity could be detected from magnetic measurements.     

基于Arduino的建筑互动系统研究初探

互动技术的进步与革新,给传统方式的建筑设计带来了许多的思考与探索。本文在建筑学与这种技术融合的背景下,基于Arduino系统,结合参数化的形式研究方法与数字建造技术,展现一种技术融合的研究思路,为建筑互动系统实现提供了一种方法。     

Siderophore-manganese(III) interactions. I. Air-oxidation of manganese(ll) promoted by desferrioxamine B

Recent studies suggest that aqueous Mn(ll) complexes, particularly those with non-carboxylated ligands such as microbial siderophores, may be stable in soil and aquatic environments. In this paper, we determine the stability constants for Mn(ll) and Mn(lll) complexes with the common trihydroxamate siderophore, desferrioxamine B (DFOB). Base and redox titrations were conducted to determine DFOB conditional protonation constants and conditional stability constants for 1:1 DFOB complexes with Mn(ll) and Mn(lll). The conditional protonation constants agree well with literature values. We determined stability constants for three Mn(ll)-DFOB species and one Mn(lll)-DFOB species at 25 degrees C in 0.1 M NaCl. The Mn(lll) HDFOB+ complex can be formed readily by air-oxidation of Mn(ll)-DFOB. This reaction exhibits pseudo first-order kinetics with a rate coefficient that can be characterized as the product of oxygen concentration with a linear combination of the concentrations of the three Mn(ll)-DFOB complexes. The second-order rate coefficients appearing in this linear combination are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude smaller than that associated with oxidation of the hydrolytic species Mn(OH)(0)2. The Mn(lll)HDFOB+ complex is stable for pH in the range of 7.0-11.3; but, at pH < 7.0 it decomposes by internal electron transfer, yielding oxidized DFOB products and Mn(ll). For p[H+] > 11.3, the complex degrades by disproportionation, yielding Mn(ll) and solid MnO2. This range of pH stability supports the hypothesis that aqueous Mn(lll) may play a vital role in the biogeochemical cycling of not only manganese, but also other elements, such as carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and redox-active metals.     

Are toxicological responses in laboratory (inbred) zebrafish representative of those in outbred (wild) populations? - A case study with an endocrine disrupting chemical

Laboratory animals tend to be more inbred and less genetically diverse than wild populations, and thus may differ in their susceptibility to chemical stressors. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the responses of related inbred (theoretical inbreeding F(IT) = n + 0.25) and outbred (F(IT) = n) zebrafish (Danio rerio) WIK/Wild family lines to an endocrine disrupting chemical, clotrimazole. Exposure of inbred and outbred zebrafish to 2.9 μg clotrimazole/L had no effect on survival, growth, or gonadal development. Exposure of both lines to 43.7 μg clotrimazole/L led to male-biased sex ratios compared with controls (87% versus 55% and 92% vs 64%, for inbred and outbred males, respectively), advanced germ cell development, and reduced plasma 11-ketotestosterone concentrations in males. However, outbred males (but not inbred males) developed testis that were more than twice the weight of controls, which corresponded with a proliferation of Leydig cells and maintenance of the expression (rather than down-regulation occurring in inbreds) of gonadal aromatase (cyp19a1a) and insulin-like growth factor (igf1). Our results illustrate that the effects of an endocrine disrupting chemical (clotrimazole) on some end points (here testis development) can differ between inbred and outbred zebrafish. This highlights the need for reporting pedigree/genetic information and consistency in the responses of laboratory animals (e.g., by using model compounds as positive controls).