The spacing effect depends on an encoding deficit, retrieval, and time in working memory: evidence from once-presented words

The spacing effect in list learning occurs because identical massed items suffer encoding deficits and because spaced items benefit from retrieval and increased time in working memory. Requiring the retrieval of identical items produced a spacing effect for recall and recognition, both for intentional and incidental learning. Not requiring retrieval produced spacing only for intentional learning because intentional learning encourages retrieval. Once-presented words provided baselines for these effects. Next, massed and spaced word pairs were judged for matches on their first three letters, forcing retrieval. The words were not identical, so there was no encoding deficit. Retrieval could and did cause spacing only for the first word of each pair; time in working memory, only for the second.     

Computer Security Education and Research: Handle with Care

In seeking ways to actively detect attackers and their malicious code and tools, researchers, educators, and their students must tread somewhat cautiously, to ensure that their own computing activities remain legal and ethical. Although the intent behind protecting and securing systems serves the overall societal good, the methods used to achieve these ends must remain both legal and ethical. These issues also make great classroom discussion topics in any information security curriculum.     

Autocorrelation of integrated power Doppler signals and its application

The integrated power Doppler signal arising from blood flow is a random process. In this article, a general approach to model this random process is studied. Both the theoretical and experimental results show that the temporal autocorrelation function of the integrated power Doppler signals is directly related to properties of the insonified medium, such as the scattering strengths and velocities of all moving scatterers, and as well as the properties of the Doppler imaging system, such as the point spread function (psf) of the power Doppler images. Some initial experiments are performed to test the proposed model. Its potential application for flow measurement, such as perfusion evaluation, is also discussed.     

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor overexpression induces growth, abnormal development, and tumor formation in transgenic mouse livers

To investigate the in vivo role of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) in liver function, we generated transgenic mice using a mouse HGF/SF cDNA under the control of the mouse metallothionein gene promoter and 5'/3' flanking sequences. In adult HGF/SF transgenic mice, liver weight as a percentage of total body weight was at least twice that of wild-type mice. Comparison of transgenic and control liver morphology revealed dramatic heterogeneity in the size and appearance of hepatocytes as a distinctive feature of HGF/SF overexpression. Transgenic livers exhibited a significant increase in the number of small hepatocytes with a 2N DNA content, accounting for the observed increase in liver mass. The DNA labeling index of hepatocytes increased 11-fold at 4 weeks of age, when liver enlargement first became apparent, and was still elevated about 5-fold in adult HGF/SF transgenic mice. Moreover, hepatocytes isolated by perfusion of transgenic livers doubled every 2 days in culture, whereas little or no growth was observed with isolated control hepatocytes. The mechanistic basis of hepatocyte proliferation was elucidated as the chronic activation of the c-met proto-oncogene product. Met and substrates such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Src homology and collagen-like, pp60c-src, focal adhesion kinase p125FAK, and paxillin were associated with tyrosine-phosphorylated complexes in a hepatocyte cell line established from the transgenic liver. This proliferative stimulus triggered the formation of hepatocellular adenomas and/or carcinomas in most transgenic mice > or = 1.5 years of age. Finally, the rate of transgenic mouse liver regeneration was increased 3-fold over control livers following partial hepatectomy.     

Robust batch‐to‐batch optimization in the presence of model‐plant mismatch and input uncertainty

In model‐based optimization in the presence of model‐plant mismatch, the set of model parameter estimates which satisfy an identification objective may not result in an accurate prediction of the gradients of the cost‐function and constraints. To ensure convergence to the optimum, the predicted gradients can be forced to match the measured gradients by adapting the model parameters. Since updating all available parameters is impractical due to estimability problems and overfitting, there is a motivation for adapting a subset of parameters for updating the predicted outputs and gradients. This article presents an approach to select a subset of parameters based on the sensitivities of the model outputs and of the cost function and constraint gradients. Furthermore, robustness to uncertainties in initial batch conditions is introduced using a robust formulation based on polynomial chaos expansions. The improvements in convergence to the process optimum and robustness are illustrated using a fed‐batch bioprocess. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2660–2670, 2017     

STI场区加固NMOS器件总剂量效应

基于0.18 μm CMOS工艺开发了浅槽隔离(STI)场区抗总剂量辐射加固技术,采用离子注入技术使STI/衬底界面处的P型硅反型阈值提高,从而增强NMOS器件的抗辐射能力。实验表明,加固NMOS器件在500 krad(Si)剂量点时,阈值电压无明显漂移,漏电流保持在10-12量级,其抗辐射性能明显优于非加固NMOS器件。通过STI场区加固工艺的研究,可有效提高电路的抗总剂量辐射能力,同时避免设计加固造成芯片面积增大的问题。     

低渗透介质非达西渗流研究进展

在低渗介质中,流体渗流往往表现出对达西定律的一定偏离。该文对低渗透介质非达西渗流的研究进展进行了总结,内容包括:1)低渗透介质非达西渗流存在的模型;2)低渗非达西渗流是否存在;3)低渗非达西渗流的成因;4)低渗非达西渗流出现的判据;5)低渗非达西渗流的应用。并对其发展提出展望,这些工作可以为从事相关工作的科研、工程应用人员提供参考。