微电网的电能质量及改善方法研究

对微电网中的分布式电源的电能质量问题进行了分析,结合微电网运行的特点提出了相应的电能质量改善方法及控制策略。提出了有源滤波器(APF)和静止无功补偿器(SVC)联合运行改善电能质量的方法,APF和负载并联接入微电网,通过滤除谐波电流,其电流检测常用ip-iq方法;由于晶闸管控制电抗器(TCR)与晶闸管投切电容器(TSC)构成的静止无功补偿器,装设在微电网负载侧,采用对称分量法计算。通过Matlab/Simulink的仿真结果表明,该有源滤波器和静止无功补偿器联合运行的方法对改善微电网电能质量是有效的。     

电动汽车参与下的虚拟电厂多目标优化调度

为了实现虚拟电厂中分布式发电机组的经济调度,同时减少虚拟电厂运行产生的污染,结合电动汽车与电力系统之间能量双向流动的特点,考虑虚拟电厂运行对环境的影响,建立了电动汽车参与下的虚拟电厂多目标优化调度模型。为了求解该模型,采用基于向量求值的粒子群优化算法(Vector Evaluated Particle Swarm Optimization,VEPSO),并通过8节点虚拟电厂仿真,对比分析多目标与单目标条件下优化调度结果,验证了所提出的方法可以使虚拟电厂以低成本运行,同时实现良好的环境效益。     

Effect of graphene oxide on the behavior of poly(amide‐6‐b‐ethylene oxide)/graphene oxide mixed‐matrix membranes in the permeation process

Polyether‐block‐amide (Pebax)/graphene oxide (GO) mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs) were prepared with a solution casting method, and their gas‐separation performance and mechanical properties were investigated. Compared with the pristine Pebax membrane, the crystallinity of the Pebax/GO MMMs showed a little increase. The incorporation of GO induced an increase in the elastic modulus, whereas the strain at break and tensile strength decreased. The apparent activation energies (E_p) of CO₂, N₂, H₂, and CH₄ permeation through the Pebax/GO MMMs increased because of the greater difficulty of polymer chain rotation. The E_p value of CO₂ changed from 16.5 kJ/mol of the pristine Pebax to 23.7 kJ/mol of the Pebax/GO MMMs with 3.85 vol % GO. Because of the impermeable nature of GO, the gas permeabilities of the Pebax/GO MMMs decreased remarkably with increasing GO content, in particular for the larger gases. The CO₂ permeability of the Pebax/GO MMMs with 3.85 vol % GO decreased by about 70% of that of the pristine Pebax membrane. Rather than the Maxwell model, the permeation properties of the Pebax/GO MMMs could be described successfully with the Lape model, which considered the influence of the geometrical shape and arrangement pattern of GO on the gas transport. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42624.     

Temperature Stability of Lead‐Free Niobate Piezoceramics with Engineered Morphotropic Phase Boundary

The temperature dependence of piezoelectric properties (direct piezoelectric coefficient d₃₃, converse piezoelectric coefficient d₃₃(E = 0), strain S and electromechanical coupling coefficient k_p) for two niobate‐based lead‐free piezoceramics have been contrasted. 0.92(Na_0.5K_0.5)NbO₃–0.02(Bi_1/2Li_1/2)TiO₃–0.06BaZrO₃ (6BZ/2BLT/92NKN) has a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) between rhombohedral and tetragonal at room temperature and 0.92(Na_0.5K_0.5)NbO₃–0.03(Bi_1/2Li_1/2)TiO₃–0.05BaZrO₃ (5BZ/3BLT/92NKN) features an MPB engineered to be located below room temperature. At 30°C, d₃₃, d₃₃(E = 0), S (at 2 kV/mm), and k_p are 252 pC/N, 230 pm/V, 0.069%, 0.51 for 5BZ/3BLT/92NKN; and 348 pC/N, 380 pm/V, 0.106%, 0.57 for 6BZ/2BLT/92NKN, respectively. With increasing temperature, the piezoelectric properties decrease. At 200°C, d₃₃, d₃₃(E = 0), S (at 2 kV/mm), and k_p are 170 pC/N, 160 pm/V, 0.059%, 0.36 for 5BZ/3BLT/92NKN; and 181 pC/N, 190 pm/V, 0.061%, 0.39 for 6BZ/2BLT/92NKN. It is found that the electromechanical coupling coefficient has a better temperature stability than the piezoelectric coefficient in the studied system due to a large temperature‐dependent compliance change. The results demonstrate that engineering an MPB is highly effective in tailoring temperature stability of piezoceramics.     

Enhanced Ferroelectric Phase Stability and High Temperature Piezoelectricity in PN Ceramics via Multisite Co‐Doping

The tungsten bronze‐type lead metaniobate (PbNb₂O₆, PN) is a promising material for high‐temperature piezoelectric devices, while its application is limited by the difficulty in fabrication. In this study, the microstructure and electrical properties of Ca‐doped PN and Ca, Mn‐co‐doped PN ceramics sintered at different temperatures were investigated. Doping promoted the formation of the originally metastable ferroelectric orthorhombic phase. This might be partly attributed to the increased lattice distortion of the orthorhombic phase in the doped samples compared to that reported for pure PN. However, in single A‐site Ca‐doped PN the ferroelectric orthorhombic structure showed a low stability and started to transform to paraelectric phase far below 300°C, resulting in unstable high temperature piezoelectric properties. Interestingly, such a phase transition was completely depressed by A‐site Ca and multisite Mn‐co‐doping, which also improved the piezoelectric performance (d₃₃ = 71 pC/N) and thermal stability in both structure and piezoelectricity. The better stability and performance of the co‐doped samples were explained by the improved sintering behavior and poling efficiency as well as its ability to occupy different sites in the TTB lattice.     

考虑电压稳定裕度约束的点估计随机最优无功调度方法

传统无功优化方法通常采用确定型的模型,但新能源大量接入以后,节点注入功率并不确定,针对其随机性,提出一种考虑电压稳定裕度约束的随机无功优化方法,使用基于点估计的随机潮流方法将机会约束转换为确定型约束,并采用带共轭梯度算子的改进遗传算法对优化问题进行求解。数值计算的结果表明该方法可以降低电压的越限风险。相比于确定型方法,使用该方法后网损优化结果略有增加,但同时电压稳定裕度得到了较大的提升。     

基于全阶模型的异步电机磁链观测收敛性分析与对策

高性能交流驱动系统中,电机磁链位置能否准确获取将影响系统的动态与稳态性能。异步电机全阶模型同时实现了电机转速作为参数的在线辨识以及电机电流与磁链作为状态变量的实时观测。本文将对全阶模型在估计异步电机参数与变量过程中的磁链收敛特性进行研究。由于全阶模型的非线性特性,采用奇异摄动理论,将全阶模型分解为转速辨识模型与磁链观测模型,两个模型在时间尺度上分离,通过分析磁链观测子系统中系统特征值的分布与阻尼特性,研究了磁链观测的收敛性与影响收敛速度的影响因子。研究结果表明磁链系统在中高速的阻尼特性需要改善,并提出了改善收敛性的对策。仿真和实验验证了分析方法的正确性与所提对策的可行性。     

融合RFID的无线湿度传感器节点设计研究

针对融合RFID的无线湿度传感器节点设计的需求,采用中芯国际0.18μm CMOS工艺设计并制造了一种集成湿度传感器节点。该传感器节点采用湿度传感器与其它标签电路集成设计,制造成本低。湿度传感器单元采用聚酰亚胺作为感湿材料,利用顶层金属层制作叉指结构电极,无需任何后处理工艺。整流电路采用自偏置结构降低了MOS开关管的有效导通电压,避免了高成本肖特基工艺的使用。接口电路基于锁相环原理,采用全数字电容-数字直接转换结构,能够工作在超低电源电压下。后期测试结果显示,该无源湿度传感器标签在常温下灵敏度为18.75 f F/%RH,最大回滞偏差7%,整体功耗约为4μW,在阅读器发射功率为2 W条件下,最大工作距离达到14 m。     

Effect of aliphatic diacyl adipic dihydrazides on the crystallization of poly(lactic acid)

A series of aliphatic diacyl adipic dihydrazides (ADHs) with different alkyl moieties were synthesized by the reaction between adipic dihydrazide and acyl chloride. Then these ADHs were solution blended with PLA respectively and were evaluated as nucleating agents. Through the investigation of nonisothermal and isothermal crystallization, it was found that both the crystallization rate and the crystallinity of PLA could be enhanced by adding only 1 wt % of ADHs. Especially for ADH‐Oc (ADH‐Octyl), the crystallization rate of PLA increased about 4 times at 105°C. Optical morphology showed that and the size of PLA spherulites decreased and the nucleation density increased with the existence of ADH‐Oc. Meanwhile, the crystal structure of PLA were not discerniblly affected after the addition of ADHs as found by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. Thus, this study suggested these ADHs compounds are simple and potential nucleating agents to enhance crystallization ability of PLA. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42028.