Lipschitzian De Morgan triplets of fuzzy connectives

After studying Lipschitzian strong negations, Lipschitzian De Morgan triplets (T, S, n), where T is a triangular norm, S a triangular conorm, and n a strong negation, are investigated. The relationships between the best Lipschitzian constants of functions T, S and n are given. Several examples are included.     

Thermomechanical treatment to improve the fatigue behaviour of phosphorus containing high strength spring steels

As a simulation of the manufacturing of parabolic leaf springs a conventional heat treatment (CHT) and two variants of thermomechanical treatment (TMT) were applied on a group of CrV high strength steels, without and with Nb‐microalloying. In a part of the steels the bulk concentration of phosphorus was increased above 0.02 %. The aim of the study was to determine fatigue properties for various tempering temperatures ?_temp, especially of those steels contaminated with P. In a series of pretests the process parameters of CHT and TMT were optimized. After CHT a fatigue strength σ_fat of between 750 and 825 MPa was established over a wide range of ?_temp, rather independent of P content. But for the highest strength values (R_m ≥ 2100 MPa), produced at ?_temp ≤ 280 °C, TMT performs the best fatigue properties (σ_fat ≈ 900 MPa) superior to those after CHT. This study reveals that the advantageous effects of TMT can be reproduced even with impurity contaminated industrial grades.     

Liapunov‐type inequality for universal integral

The Choquet integral and the Sugeno integral provide a useful tool in many problems in engineering and social choice where the aggregation of data is required. In this paper, previous results of Hong (Nonlinear Analysis 2011 74:7296–7303) are improved by relaxing some of their requirements. Carlson's, Sandor's, Bushell–Okrasinski's type inequalities and Fatou's lemma for universal integral are studied in a rather general form, thus generalizing some recent results. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Pseudo-arithmetical operations as a basis for the general measure and integration theory

Several generalizations of the classical measure and integration theory are based on some generalizations of the standard arithmetical operations. The axiomatic approach to the pseudo-arithmetical operations of pseudo-addition and pseudo-multiplication is discussed. Some of required properties strongly influence the structure of these operations (and consequently the resulting measure and integral generalizations). So, e.g., the -idempotency of the -unit element u results to the idempotency of the pseudo-addition , i.e., =v (sup). Several other properties of and and their consequences are discussed and illustrated by examples.     

Untersuchungen zum Einfluß des Gefüges auf bruchmechanische Kennwerte

Unter den Einflußgrößen auf die bruchmechanischen Werkstoffkennwerte spielt das Gefüge eine entscheidende Rolle. Es gibt hierzu einige quantitative Modellvorstellungen, aber noch keine, die allgemein gültig ist. Exemplarisch werden einige Untersuchungsergebnisse vorgestellt. An einem Stahl 50 CrMo 4 wurde der Einfluß der Art des Gefüges mit annähernd gleichen Zugfestigkeitswerten auf die Rißzähigkeit untersucht; dabei ergaben sich für angelassenen Martensit die höchsten Werte. Bei einem Stahl 36 CrNiMo 4 wurde durch Veränderung der Anlaßtemperatur der Carbidausscheidungszustand variiert. Mit Hilfe einer auf den J_R-Rißwiderstandskurven basierenden bruchmechanischen Analyse konnte eine optimale Anlaßtemperatur bestimmt werden. Bei einem Stahl 50 CrMo 4 wurde der Einfluß einer Kornfeinung durch thermomechanische Behandlungen mit dem Warmumformsimulator (Wumsi) untersucht. Dabei bestätigten auch die bruchmechanischen Werkstoffkennwerte die hierdurch erzielten günstigen Gebrauchseigenschaften der Stähle.     

Application of thermomechanical treatment on medium-carbon microalloyed steels continuously cooled from forging temperature

In the high-production-drop-forging of parts for automobile and truck engines the classical quench and tempering (QT) of low-alloyed steels is nowadays - in a lot of plants in Europe - substituted by direct continuous cooling (CC) of microalloyed steels without the necessity of additional heat treatment and expensive straightening as well as stress relieving cycles. Nevertheless, there are some limitations on strength and toughness achievable by this technique. On two commercial medium-carbon (0.3%C) steels microalloyed with vanadium or vanadium and titanium, modified deformation parameters were applied. The mechanical properties, determined by the tensile test, can be improved by decreasing the deformation temperature. Nevertheless, the values of yield strength (resp. 0.2%-proof stress) as well as reduction of area remain inferior to those after QT of the same steels.     

Changes in the austenite grain structure of microalloyed plate steels due to multiple hot deformation

Simulating processes during roughing passes with the plane strain compression test, the influence of soaking temperature, initial grain size, deformation temperature and strain on the grain size of austenite after static recrystallization in the course of multiple deformation schedules is investigated for three microalloyed steels. The temperature region of a completely recrystallizing austenite was found to depend on the soaking temperature as a result of the change in the initial solute concentration. Temperature and strain of the last deformation/recrystallization steps in a roughing schedule control the intermediate austenite structure before the finishing passes without any significant effect of the initial grain size.     

Fließspannung im Bereich der (γ → α)-Umwandlung von kohlenstoffarmen Stählen

Auswertung von Fließkurven aus den Warmflachstauchversuchen und quantitativer Gefügeanalyse. Anomalie auf der Fließspannung-Temperatur-Kurve im (γ → α)-Bereich bei Umformung während der anisothermischen Umwandlung. Bilanz der Einflußfaktoren.     

Geometry of plain weave fabric under shear deformation. Part I: measurement of exterior positions of yarns

Behaviour of woven fabrics in all directions is important in some fabric applications. Dealing with geometrical deformation of fabric under shear stress is the main attempt of this paper. A method for detecting exterior positions of yarns in fabric, namely variation in warp-weft yarns angle and sett of yarns is developed in the present part. For this purpose, the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method is modified for detecting exterior position of yarns in sheared fabric. In an empirical work, two kinds of plain weave fabrics, cotton and polypropylene, are considered and specimens are prepared in different dimensions with identical aspect ration. Exterior positions of yarns in certain elongations are computed by proposed method for each specimen. It was found that the modified FFT technique is valid for evaluating exterior positions of yarns in sheared fabric. Moreover, it is observed that there is a critical state in behaviour of woven fabric under shear deformation. In subsequent parts, the treatment of fabric under shear deformation will be simulated and compared with results of present part.     

Detuned electrical dipoles for plasmonic sensing

We demonstrate that a pair of electrical dipolar scatterers resonating at different frequencies, i.e., detuned electrical dipoles, can be advantageously employed for plasmonic sensing of the environment, both as an individual subwavelength-sized sensor and as a unit cell of a periodic array. It is shown that the usage of the ratio between the powers of light scattered into opposite directions (or into different diffraction orders), which peaks at the intermediate frequency, allows one to reach a sensitivity of ≈ 400 nm/RIU with record high levels of figure of merit exceeding 200. Qualitative considerations are supported with detailed simulations and proof-of-principle experiments using lithographically fabricated gold nanorods with resonances at 800 nm.