压电微夹钳的位移自感知反馈复合控制*

采用自感知方法获取压电微夹钳钳指位移,构成自感知反馈复合控制系统。根据反映钳指位移、表面电荷、夹持力、驱动电压之间关系的压电悬臂梁Smits方程,提出了基于电流积分的钳指位移自感知方法;引入死区算子对传统PI模型进行改进,建立了压电微夹钳钳指位移的迟滞模型;以对偏差的抛物线积分、对输出的先行微分分别代替常规PID控制器中的积分项和微分项,设计出了压电微夹钳的改进PID反馈控制器;将前馈控制器与PID反馈控制器相结合,并采用自感知反馈方式,设计出了压电微夹钳的闭环控制系统。实验结果表明:在自感知反馈复合控制作用下,压电微夹钳对5μm阶跃参考位移的响应时间为0.24 s,若不考虑噪声影响,稳态误差几乎为零;在最大位移为14.7μm的变幅值三角波参考位移以及最大位移为14.1μm的任意波形参考位移作用下,压电微夹钳的自感知反馈复合控制亦可取得良好的控制效果,其稳态误差中线在-0.02~0.04μm之间变化。自感知反馈控制的实验结果与传感器反馈控制基本相同,从而表明压电微夹钳的自感知反馈控制是有效的。     

Physiological and Molecular Analysis of Aluminium-Induced Organic Acid Anion Secretion from Grain Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) Roots

Grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) is abundant in oxalate and can secrete oxalate under aluminium (Al) stress. However, the features of Al-induced secretion of organic acid anions (OA) and potential genes responsible for OA secretion are poorly understood. Here, Al-induced OA secretion in grain amaranth roots was characterized by ion charomatography and enzymology methods, and suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) together with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to identify up-regulated genes that are potentially involved in OA secretion. The results showed that grain amaranth roots secrete both oxalate and citrate in response to Al stress. The secretion pattern, however, differs between oxalate and citrate. Neither lanthanum chloride (La) nor cadmium chloride (Cd) induced OA secretion. A total of 84 genes were identified as up-regulated by Al, in which six genes were considered as being potentially involved in OA secretion. The expression pattern of a gene belonging to multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family, AhMATE1, was in close agreement with that of citrate secretion. The expression of a gene encoding tonoplast dicarboxylate transporter and four genes encoding ATP-binding cassette transporters was differentially regulated by Al stress, but the expression pattern was not correlated well with that of oxalate secretion. Our results not only reveal the secretion pattern of oxalate and citrate from grain amaranth roots under Al stress, but also provide some genetic information that will be useful for further characterization of genes involved in Al toxicity and tolerance mechanisms.     

真空自耗电弧熔炼过程中搅拌线圈参数对TC17铸锭成分和组织影响的数值模拟与实验验证

采用MeltFlow VAR软件建立了真空自耗电弧熔炼（VAR）过程中温度、电磁、流动和溶质场的耦合模型,通过数值模拟与实验验证的方法研究了搅拌电流和周期对TC17钛合金铸锭成分和组织的影响规律。结果表明,铸锭中心的Cr元素浓度从底部逐渐升高,在铸锭头部100 mm范围内出现激增,与铸锭边缘和1/2半径处表现出不同的趋势。施加搅拌磁场,有利于铸锭心部Cr元素的降低和1/2直径处等轴晶区域宽度的减小。增加搅拌线圈电流或延长搅拌磁场的周期,可以降低铸锭心部Cr元素含量并减小1/2直径处等轴晶区域宽度。这主要是因为搅拌磁场引起的角速度,加剧了熔池内湍流的速度。采用工程化规格的TC17铸锭实物解剖可知,铸锭下部柱状晶生长方向发生扰动的位置与Cr含量上升的位置相对应,均与该位置搅拌磁场的作用相关。数值模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好。     

居家环境下老年人夜间行走辅助照明研究

随着年龄增长,老年人起夜逐渐频繁,对空间的适应能力逐渐下降。为了保障老年人夜间行走安全,居家环境下的辅助照明系统亟待改善。首先通过对老年人夜间行走情况与其居住空间情况进行调研,总结辅助照明现状与夜间行走空间的基本情况。然后,基于3种空间原型与2种路径原型,依托于适老建筑实验室进行空间模拟实验研究,并对不同辅助照明的位置进行满意度评价与分析。最后,提出老年人夜间行走辅助照明位置建议,以期为适老化夜间行走辅助照明环境设计与改造提供依据,提高居家养老安全性与舒适性。     

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Stress Rupture Properties of a Ni-Mo-Cr-Fe Base Corrosion-Resistant Superalloy

The influences of heat treatment and test condition on the microstructure and stress rupture properties of a Ni-Mo-Cr-Fe base corrosion-resistant superalloy have been investigated in this paper. Optical microscope and scanning electron microscope were employed for the microstructure observation, and X-ray diffraction, electron probe micro-analyzer, and transmission electron microscope were used for phase determination. It was found that the grain size increased and the volume fractions of initial M₆C carbides decreased along with the increase in solution treatment temperature. When tested at 650 °C/320 MPa, the stress rupture lives decreased with the increase in solution treatment temperature, but the stress rupture lives increased slightly at first and then decreased for the samples solution heat treated at 1220 °C when tested at 700 °C/240 MPa. The elongations showed the descendent trends under these two conditions. The stress rupture life and elongation for the aged samples all showed a noticeable improvement at 650 °C/320 MPa, but there was no noticeable improvement at 700 °C/240 MPa. The reasons can be attributed to the grain size, test conditions, and the initial and secondary carbides.     

Directional solidification casting technology of heavy-duty gas turbine blade with liquid metal cooling (LMC) process

In this work, some important factors such as ceramic shell strength, heat preservation temperature, standing time and withdrawal rate, which influence the formability of directionally solidified large-size blades of heavy-duty gas turbine with the liquid metal cooling(LMC) process, were studied through the method of microstructure analysis combining. The results show that the ceramic shell with medium strength(the high temperature flexural strength is 8 MPa, the flexural strength after thermal shock resistance is 12 MPa and the residual flexural strength is 20 MPa) can prevent the rupture and runout of the blade. The appropriate temperature(1,520 ℃ for upper region and 1,500 ℃ for lower region) of the heating furnace can eliminate the wide-angle grain boundary, the deviation of grain and the run-out caused by the shell crack. The holding time after pouring(3-5 min) can promote the growth of competitive grains and avoid a great deviation of columnar grains along the crystal orientation 001, resulting in a straight and uniform grain structure. In addition, to avoid the formation of wrinkles and to ensure a smooth blade surface, the withdrawal rate should be no greater than the growth rate of grain. It is also found that the dendritic space of the blade decreases with the rise of solidification rate, and increases with the enlarging distance between the solidification position and the chill plate.     

Energy transfer,superior thermal stability and multi-color emitting properties of langbeinite-type solid-solution phosphor K_2Dy_(1.5-x)Eu_xTa_(0.5)(PO_4)_3

Langbeinite type compounds are a large kind of oxometallate with good flexibility structure.Herein,we synthesized a new langbeinite type compound K_2 Dy_(1.5)Ta_(0.5)(PO_4)_3,in which the Dy~(3+) and Ta~(5+) were blended to occupy the same crystallographic sites.Simultaneously,solid solutions of K_2 Dy_(1.5)_(-x)Eu_xTa_(0.5)(PO_4)_3(x=0-1.5) were prepared and their photoluminescence properties were investigated.Due to energy transfer from Dy~(3+) to Eu~(3+),both Dy~(3+) and Eu~(3+) characteristic emissions are observed under 393 nm light excitation.The emitting color of K_2 Dy_(1.5-x)Eu_xTa_(0.5)(PO_4)_3 turns from green through yellow to red by simply adjusting the Eu~(3+) concentration from 0 to 0.4.Moreover,K_2 Dy_(1.48)Eu_(0.02)Ta_(0.5)(PO_4)_3 phosphor possesses excellent fluorescence thermal stability and exhibits zero thermal quenching at 150 ℃.These results manifest that K_2 Dy_(1.5-x)Eu_xTa_(0.5)(PO_4)_3 solutions are promising multi-color emitting phosphors candidate for near-UV LED.     

利用声波测井计算岩石的力学参数

介绍了岩石力学参数的测量方法及岩石动、静弹性参数相关关系，最后用实际声波测井资料来分析计算岩石的力学参数。     

我国金属矿产资源可持续利用的问题与对策

分析了金属矿产资源的特点和金属矿产资源与可持续发展的关系，针对我国金属矿产可持续利用中存在的问题和金属矿产资源的可回收性、开发利用的风险性及受经济技术条件制约性强的特点，提出解决问题的对策。认为要促进金属矿产资源的可持续利用，不仅要依靠制度创新，而且要依靠技术创新，要最大限度地利用国外矿产资源和依靠科技进步搞好综合回收利用。     

隧道爆破振动速度研究

在隧道爆破开挖中,频繁反复的爆破冲击动压力对隧道设计轮廓线、施工误差和围岩的稳定性等有很大影响。依据爆炸动力学理论和弹性波动理论,分析了同时起爆和微差起爆所产生的爆炸应力场。根据爆炸波在传播过程中的叠加机理,提出了爆破后隧道围岩质点振动速度解析解。爆破振动速度解析解的提出,为隧道开挖采用合适的爆破掘进方法、减少施工误差及提高围岩的稳定性提供了理论依据。