Review on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the mycotoxin citrinin

Citrinin is a toxic metabolite produced by several filamentous fungi of the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus and Monascus, which has been encountered as a natural contaminant in grains, foods, feedstuffs, as well as biological fluids. This mycotoxin is hepato-nephrotoxic and implicated in disease outbreaks in animals and humans. Some analytical systems have been developed for its detection and quantification. The purpose of this paper is to review physicochemical properties, qualitative and quantitative analytical methods of citrinin, evaluate advantages and disadvantages of various analytical techniques, and bring forward some constructive suggestions on establishment of international criteria for quality control of products contaminated with citrinin by comparing chromatographic properties, sample pre-treatment, recovery rate and detection limit of citrinin among various analytical methods. This paper concentrates the most important achievements on the analytical methods of citrinin published from 1980 to early 2004.     

不饱和烃硅氢加成催化剂固载化研究进展

综述了各类负载过渡金属的催化剂体系及其在不饱和烃硅氢加成反应中的应用。负载过渡金属的催化剂具有良好的可回收性和选择性，研究主要集中在开发价廉、使用安全、环境友好和高催化性能的活性炭、氧化物或有机聚合物等负载过渡金属催化剂，并取得很好的结果。     

5-氯-2-[2-羟基-3-叔丁基-5-(3-丙酸甲酯基)苯基]-2H-苯并三唑的合成

通过重氮偶合、还原环化和酯化反应合成了5-氯2-[2-羟基-3-叔丁基-5-(3-丙酸甲酯基)苯基]-2H-苯并三唑,并进行了工业放大实验,收率53．0%～55．0%。偶合反应时,以十二烷基苯磺酸钠为乳化试剂,pH=5～8,收率为73．7%；采用n(偶合物)：n(保险粉)：n(NaOH)=1．0：3．5：15．8进行还原反应,收率81．0%。用MS和~1H NMR谱图表征了产物的结构,测定了产物的紫外吸收和透光率。     

High concentration erbium doping of silicon-rich SiO2 thin films on silicon

In this work, high concentration erbium doping in silicon-rich SiO₂ thin films is demonstrated. Si plus Er dual-implanted thermal SiO₂ thin films on Si substrates have been fabricated by using a new method, the metal vapor vacuum arc ion source implantation with relatively low ion energy, strong flux and very high dose. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement shows that very high Er concentrations on the surfaces of the samples, corresponding to 10 at.% or the doping level of 10²¹ atoms cm⁻³, are achieved. This value is much higher than that obtained by using other fabrication methods such as the high-energy ion implantation and molecular beam epitaxy. Reflective high-energy electron diffraction, atomic force microscopy and cross-section high-resolution transmission electron microscopy observations show that the excess Si atoms in SiO₂ matrix accumulate to form Si clusters and then crystallize gradually into Si nanoparticles embedded in SiO₂ films during dual-ion implantation followed by rapid thermal annealing. Er segregation and precipitates are not formed. Photoluminescence at the wavelength of 1.54 μm exhibits very weak temperature dependence due to the introduction of Si nanocrystals into the SiO₂ matrix. The 1.54-μm light emission signals from annealed samples decrease by less than a factor of 2 when the measuring temperature increases from 77 K to room temperature.     

含硅有机锡化合物在酯化反应中的催化性能研究

考察了含硅有机锡化合物在酯化反应中的催化活性,并以合成乙酸异戊酯的反应为例,探讨了影响反应的各种因素。其中,三[(三甲基硅基)亚甲基]氯化锡的催化活性最高,在催化剂用量1.5%,反应时间5h条件下,酯化率达到93.7%。     

厌氧膜生物反应器在废水处理中的研究进展

厌氧膜生物反应器是一种处理高浓度有机废水的有效工艺.综述了厌氧膜生物反应器的特征,在工业废水处理中的应用以及低温下厌氧处理低浓度废水的效果,并展望了厌氧膜生物反应器的应用前景.     

芳香族硝基化合物催化氢化催化剂Cu-Re_mO_n/SiO_2的放大试验研究

为提高芳香族硝基化合物氢化催化剂的性能,在单铜催化剂中引入稀土元素。以15 g微球硅胶(S iO2)为载体,在Rem(NO3)n溶液中浸渍,控制温度70℃,浸渍后经二次蒸馏水洗涤,并先后经120℃干燥、830℃焙烧等工序制得RemOn/S iO2。将该载体在Cu(NO3)2溶液中再次浸渍,步骤条件同前,但焙烧温度为400℃。分别制得Cu-CeO2/S iO2、Cu-Sm2O3/S iO2、Cu-Ho2O3/S iO2、Cu-Yb2O3/S iO24组催化剂。用微分反应器在硝基苯催化加氢反应中进行评价,筛选出负荷最高的Cu-CeO2/S iO2催化剂。按小试S iO2量100倍进行放大试验,所得到的1.4 kg Cu-CeO2/S iO2催化剂,在硝基苯催化加氢反应中,一次寿命(未再生)的负荷超过目前工业生产中广泛使用的Cu/S iO2催化剂121.28%。     

过渡金属对Ru/海泡石催化剂加氢性能及表面性质的影响

用浸渍法制备了一系列含不同助剂Mo、Co、Mn、Cu、Zr等的Ru/海泡石催化剂，以CO₂及苯加氢为探针反应，以TPD和CS₂中毒为手段研究了助剂对Ru/海泡石催化剂加氢、反应物吸附及活化性能的影响。结果表明，助剂的加入显著地影响Ru/海泡石催化剂的催化活性，且随着反应分子的加大，这种影响随之增大；助剂对催化反应中反应物的吸附、活化过程的影响是其影响催化活性的重要原因。另外，结果还表明，助剂的加入还调整了Ru/海泡石催化剂的表面性能，但并没有改变活性中心的类型。