Mathematical law of size effect on the flexural property of ceramics

Brittle materials generally exhibit size effects, and the mechanical properties of these materials degrade significantly with an increase in size. However, the mathematical law governing the attenuation degree of mechanical properties with the increase in size is still unknown. In this study, maximum loads of differently sized ceramic test strips were subjected to three point bending tests under two working conditions of equal spans and span amplifications, respectively. Subsequently, the theoretical maximum loads of materials were calculated using the finite element method (FEM). By calculating the difference between the calculated values and the actual maximum loads, the attenuation of mechanical properties of ceramic samples were observed. The results show that the theoretical mechanical properties and the performance attenuation caused by the size effect tend to increase according to the following equation: y=ax³+bx²+cx+d. Therefore, mechanical properties and performance attenuation of any sample exhibiting a size within the experimental range can be predicted by a mathematical law, which was obtained through mechanical tests results of four samples with different sizes. The obtained mathematical law holds great significance for predicting the mechanical properties of materials under size effects.     

R-curves determination of ordinary refractory ceramics assisted by digital image correlation method

As a figure-of-merit, the rising ratio of crack propagation resistance to fracture initiation resistance indicates a reduction of the brittleness and enhances the thermal shock resistance of ordinary refractory ceramics. The significant nonlinear fracture behaviour is related to the development of a fracture process zone (FPZ). The universal dimensionless load–displacement diagram method is applied as a promising graphical method for the determination of R-curves for magnesia refractories showing different brittleness. By applying digital image correlation (DIC) together with the graphical method, the problems arisen with accurate determination of the fracture initiation resistance and the crack length are overcome. Meanwhile, the R-curve is subdivided with respect to the fracture processes, viz the fracture initiation, the development of FPZ and the onset of traction free macro-crack. With the simultaneous crack lengths evaluated from DIC, the contribution of each fracture process to the crack propagation resistance at certain loading stage is quantitatively presented.     

Self-terminated electrodeposition of platinum on titanium nitride for methanol oxidation reaction in acidic electrolyte

The development of high-performance electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation is an urgent task to enhance the efficiency of direct methanol fuel cells. We report a simple and controllable method to fabricate Pt-decorated TiN electrocatalysts using self-terminated electrodeposition at room temperature and ambient pressure. Under optimized deposition parameters such as electrolyte pH, TiN substrate pretreatment, and pulsed deposition potential, quenching of the Pt electrodeposition facilitates obtaining an extremely low Pt mass loading (0.93 μg/cm²) on the TiN substrate. Repeated deposition potential pulses enable a gradual increase in Pt loading, with a precise control of the loaded Pt mass. Maximum intrinsic and mass activities for the methanol oxidation reaction are achieved for the catalyst with a Pt loading mass of 55.0 μg/cm², prepared by 20 deposition pulses. The maximum intrinsic activity achieved with the Pt-decorated TiN electrocatalyst is five times higher than that obtained with bulk Pt. The present results thus provide a facile method for the fabrication of cost-effective electrocatalysts.     

Genetic algorithm hybridized with multilayer perceptron to have an economical slope stability design

The present work aimed to evaluate and optimize the design of an artificial neural network (ANN) combined with an optimization algorithm of genetic algorithm (GA) for the calculation of slope stability safety factors (SF) in a pure cohesive slope. To make datasets of training and testing for the developed predictive models, 630 finite element limit equilibrium (FELE) analyses were performed. Similar to many artificial intelligence-based solutions, the database was involved in 189 testing datasets (e.g., 30% of the entire database) and 441 training datasets; for example, a range of 70% of the total database. Moreover, variables of multilayer perceptron (MLP) algorithm (for example, number of nodes in any hidden layer) and the algorithm of GA like population size was optimized by utilizing a series of trial and error process. The parameters in input, which were used in the analysis, consist of slope angle (β), setback distance ratio (b/B), applied stresses on the slope (F_y) and undrained shear strength of the cohesive soil (C_u) where the output was taken SF. The obtained network outputs for both datasets from MLP and GA-MLP models are evaluated according to many statistical indices. A total of 72 MLP trial and error (e.g., parameter study) the optimal architecture of 4 × 8 × 1 were determined for the MLP structure. Both proposed techniques result in a proper performance; however, according to the statistical indices, the GA–MLP model can somewhat accomplish the least mean square error (MSE) when compared to MLP. In an optimized GA–MLP network, coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE) values of (0.975, and 0.097) and (0.969, and 0.107) were found, respectively, to both of the normalized training and testing datasets.

     

基于遗传算法的防止无线移动网络路由攻击策略

在无线移动网络中,恶意节点可以通过发送虚假信息和假路由信息、广播假链接等中断路由操作对网络进行攻击。本文在分析了几种常见路由攻击的基础上,提出了一种基于遗传算法的路由优化策略。实验数据表明,这种优化策略可以较好地预防路由攻击,提高网络的整体性能。     

不同热解温度下禾本科植物生物炭理化特性分析

以禾本科植物王草、水稻秸秆、甘蔗渣和玉米秸秆为原料,在厌氧条件下于300、500和700℃制备王草炭（I）、水稻秸秆炭（R）、甘蔗渣炭（S）和玉米秸秆炭（M）,研究了不同热解温度对生物炭结构及组成的影响。研究结果表明：随着热解温度升高,4种生物炭产率下降,300℃时I、R、S和M的产率分别为45.81%、48.67%、46.81%和46.00%,而700℃时产率则分别为33.93%、35.47%、25.42%和31.23%;灰分和碳含量升高,700℃时I、R、S和M的灰分较300℃分别提高了54.39%、65.44%、95.54%和71.65%;I、S和M的C/N比随温度升高而升高,R与之相反。4种生物炭pH值随温度升高而升高,700℃时I、R、S和M的pH值分别为7.68、9.87、7.59和9.33,均呈碱性;I和S孔隙结构丰富,随温度升高,孔隙数量增加,而R和M均在700℃形成了一定量的絮状结构;X射线能谱（EDS）分析结果表明R中Si元素含量较高。随温度升高,4种生物炭中烷烃基、甲基（—CH₃）和亚甲基（—CH₂）逐渐消失,生物炭结构以芳香族化合物和含氧官能团为主,结构更稳定。     

超声辅助提取-固相萃取净化-高效液相色谱法测定沉积物中的2甲4氯残留

[目的]2甲4氯(MCPA)是农业生产和市政管理中一种广泛使用的除草剂,具有使用量大、生物毒性强、易迁移累积于水体沉积物等特点。针对其在沉积物中潜在环境风险大的现状,一种简单、有效的残留测定方法迫切需要建立。[方法]建立了一种C18为分离色谱柱,甲醇-水(体积比80:20)为流动相,PDA为检测器,检测波长为280 nm的MCPA高效液相检测法,并比较了不同提取方法和净化方法对检测的影响。[结果]对于提取方法,回收率:超声萃取2次>超声萃取1次>涡旋振荡萃取;对于净化方法,回收率:固相萃取净化法>QuEChERS法>未净化法。因此,应采用2次超声辅助提取-固相萃取净化作为前处理方法。所建立的方法在0.5~40 mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.02 mg/kg,定量限为0.06 mg/kg;在0.08~0.8 mg/kg的添加水平范围内,回收率为85.12%~98.66%,相对标准偏差为2.86%~4.24%。[结论]该方法准确性高、稳定性好,适用于沉积物中MCPA的测定。     

曲线剥离分峰法的改进与混煤比的准确计算

通过改进峰参数初值确定方法,解决了曲线剥离分峰法应用中遇到的有关问题。补充限制条件后,解决了剥离出的少数单煤峰分布曲线过宽问题。分析了混煤比计算的误差来源与范围。引入镜质组含量校正后,能够准确计算混煤比。     

Structural optimization of the cross-beam of a gantry machine tool based on grey relational analysis

Crossbeam structural design of gantry machine tool is a multi-level, multi-index and multi-scheme decision-making problem. In order to solve the above problem, the optimum seeking model of crossbeam structure was built through using the grey relational analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process. The finite element analysis of the static and dynamic performance parameters for four kinds of crossbeam structural schemes designed had been done, and the optimal design scheme was selected by using the optimum seeking model. After conducting sensitivity analysis for the optimal crossbeam selected, the reasonable design variables were obtained, and the dynamic optimization design model of crossbeam was established. Six groups of non-inferior solutions were obtained after solving the optimization design model. The optimal solution was selected from the non-inferior solution set through using the crossbeam structural optimization method based on grey relational analysis again, which makes the crossbeam’s dynamic performance improving greatly. The dynamic experiments on the crossbeams before and after optimization design were conducted, then the experimental results show that the first four order natural frequencies of the crossbeam increase 17.56 %, 19.36 %, 17.04 % and 19.58 % respectively, which proves that the structural optimization design method based on grey relational analysis proposed in this paper is reasonable and practicable.