Compositional analysis and projected biofuel potentials from common West African agricultural residues

In recent years the focus on sustainable biofuel production from agricultural residues has increased considerably. However, the scientific work within this field has predominantly been concentrated upon bioresources from industrialised and newly industrialised countries, while analyses of the residues from most developing countries remain sparse. In this study the theoretical bioenergy potentials (bioethanol and biogas) of a spectrum of West African agricultural residues were estimated based on their compositions. We analysed 13 of the most common residues: yam peelings, cassava peelings, cassava stalks, plantain peelings, plantain trunks, plantain leaves, cocoa husks, cocoa pods, maize cobs, maize stalks, rice straw, groundnut straw and oil palm empty fruit bunches. The yam peelings showed the highest methane and bioethanol potentials, with 439 L methane (kg Total Solids)⁻¹ and 0.61 L bioethanol (kg TS)⁻¹ based on starch and cellulose alone due to their high starch content and low content of un-biodegradable lignin and ash. A complete biomass balance was done for each of the 13 residues, providing a basis for further research into the production of biofuels or biorefining from West African agricultural residues.     

Reactions of Metal Ion Complexes with Lignin Model Compounds,Part II. Fe(TSPC) Catalyzed Formation of Oxidized Products in the Absence of Oxygen

The water soluble phthalocyanine complex trisodium tetra-4-sulfonatophthalocyanineiron(III) (Fe(TSPc)) was found to be an effective catalyst for the cleavage of the β-ether bonds in the phenolic lignin model compounds guaiacylglycol β-guaiacyl ether (1) and guaiacylglycerol β-guaiacyl ether (11). The products of these reactions were very different from those formed in the corresponding reactions catalyzed by anthraquinone (AQ) or Co(SPP).^1–4 In particular, they gave large quantities of oxidized products, even though the reactions were performed in the absence of oxygen or other added oxidant. Mechanisms have been proposed for the oxidation reactions involving 1 and 11. In both cases the first step involves one electron oxidation of the lignin model compound by the catalyst. The radical derived from 1 then undergoes further one electron oxidation and deprotonation to give 4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxy-l-(2″-methoxyphenoxy)acetophenone (8) whereas that derived from 11 undergoes Cα-Cβ bond cleavage to give vanillin (4). Reactions of the reduced form of the catalyst with 8 and the quinone methides produced from the phenolic models are important routes for guaiacol formation and regeneration of the oxidized form of the catalyst. The feasibility of these proposed reaction pathways was investigated by studying the reactions of the intermediate compounds with the catalyst.     

棉浆不同预处理方法制备纤维素纳晶的研究

分别以未经任何预处理棉浆、PFI磨磨浆预处理棉浆、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)预处理棉浆和质量分数为4%NaOH预处理棉浆为原料,采用酸水解法制备纤维素钠晶(Cellulose Nanocrystal,CNC),并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射图谱(XRD)、红外光谱分析(FTIR)及热重分析(TG)等方法对CNC的性能进行表征和分析。SEM分析表明,前3种方法制备的CNC为棒状粒子,长度为200～400 nm、直径为几十纳米;但NaOH预处理制备的CNC为直径在100 nm左右的球状粒子,且有明显的絮聚现象。XRD分析表明,CNC和棉浆属同一晶型,但CNC结晶度提高。FTIR分析表明,采用以上4种方法制备的CNC和棉浆具有相同官能团。TG分析表明,制备的CNC热稳定性低于棉浆,这一点在采用NaOH预处理制备的CNC上表现更明显,且该方法制备的CNC在600℃时,残留率最大(约40%),具体原因还有待进一步研究。     

硅系合成革离型纸的研究

优选出耐热性较好的3种丙烯酸类乳液作为底涂主剂,水性有机硅树脂作为离型剂,并通过混合正交实验探讨了离型层配比、底涂主剂、底涂压光压力及离型层涂布量对离型纸首次剥离强度和可重复使用次数的影响大小,由此确定了达到最佳离型性能,即首次剥离强度为8.7×10-2 kN/m,可重复使用次数为35次的相应涂层工艺条件是:底涂主剂采用的丙烯酸类乳液,其Tg为6℃、涂4-杯黏度20 s时原液固含量为45.0%、原液黏度为300 mPa.s。底涂压光压力为8 MPa,离型层涂布量为1～2 g/m2,离型层配比为4∶1,在该工艺条件下自制硅系合成革离型纸,其耐溶剂性与进口纸相当或更优。     

烟草浆不同打浆条件下的微观形态分析

对不同打浆条件下烟草浆的微观形态进行了分析和研究,结果表明,烟梗浆微观组分呈细长带状,壁薄腔大,且易分丝帚化;烟末浆微观组分粗短,壁薄腔大,杂细胞含量高,表面难分丝帚化,易破碎;烟梗浆组分和烟末浆组分的质均长度、平均粗度和卷曲率随着打浆度的增大而减小,而帚化率、切断率和细小组分率均随着打浆度的增大呈上升的趋势;烟梗浆适宜中度打浆,而烟末浆适宜低度打浆。     

影响扬声器纸质振膜动态力学性能的因素

研究了不同定量、不同浆料打浆度对扬声器纸质振膜材料动态弹性模量和损耗因子的影响,并对复合纸质振膜的动态力学性能进行了研究.结果表明,随着纸张定量的增加,浆料打浆度的提高,纸张的紧度和动态弹性模量升高,损耗因子下降.纸质振膜的复合结构影响其动态力学性能,与原纸相比,干法复合导致复合纸紧度和损耗因子均升高,湿法复合使复合纸紧度降低而损耗因子升高,无论干法还是湿法复合后,复合纸的动态弹性模量变化均不明显.     

导热纸（膜）的研究进展

电子产品日渐突出的散热问题,引起了人们对电子领域热管理的广泛关注。柔性导热材料具有高韧性、高弹性、高导热、灵活性等特性,可运用于柔性电子器件,轻、薄型电子设备,电池等领域,帮助解决其散热问题。纸张及薄膜具有良好的柔韧性、优异的加工性和厚度可调整性,是良好的柔性导热材料。本文概述了近年来导热纸（膜）的研究进展,对不同基材的导热纸进行了归纳分类和介绍,重点讨论了纤维素基导热纸的制备方法、导热性能、导热性能测试方法及机械性能。     

木质素调控制备果糖基碳微球及其电化学性能研究

本研究使用果糖作为碳源,木质素磺酸盐协同三嵌段共聚物P123作为模板剂,经过水热碳化法和高温碳化法制备果糖基碳微球材料。探究了木质素磺酸盐对果糖在水热条件下的组装过程及调控机制,并分析果糖基碳微球材料在电化学领域的应用。结果表明,木质素磺酸盐的加入是微球表面形成波纹状突起的决定因素。经高温碳化处理过后得到中空多孔的Yolk-Shell果糖基碳微球材料具有良好的电化学性能,其比表面积为535. 04 m~2/g,孔容为0. 26 cm~3/g;在电流密度为0. 1 A/g时,其比电容为96 F/g,能量密度为3. 16 Wh/kg,功率密度为28. 06 W/kg。     

两亲改性碳纤维制备质子交换膜燃料电池用碳纸的研究

为了提高短切碳纤维在水中的分散性及碳纤维与后期浸渍树脂的相容性,对碳纤维进行了两亲表面处理:首先通过氧化处理使其获得亲水性官能团—OH及—COOH,在此基础上进一步接枝亲油基团,以获得两亲碳纤维,并将其制备碳纸。结果表明,两亲处理的碳纤维表面—OH含量可达8. 2%。在碳纤维表面改性过程中,铬酸氧化在提高碳纤维表面亲水性官能团的同时会降低碳纸的抗张强度;而接枝亲油性官能团能提高碳纤维与树脂的黏结能力,部分弥补了表面处理所造成的负面影响;碳纤维与树脂黏结力的提高有利于碳纸导电性的提高,两亲改性碳纤维制备的碳纸与未处理碳纤维制备碳纸相比电阻率降低了31. 4%,达到10. 5 mΩ·cm。