基于多目标模糊优选理论的城市供水方案优选研究

以玉林市城市供水方案为例,通过综合分析,提出城市供水方案评价的8个特征指标,包括97%保证率可供水量、水质、输水距离、工程投资规模等4个定量指标和工程地形复杂程度、水源保护的难易度、对经济发展的影响程度、水源污染风险4个定性指标。采用德尔菲法(Delph i)将定性指标量化,并将量化后的定性指标和定量指标藕合,应用多目标系统模糊优选模型,从4个方案当中优选出最佳供水方案,取得了良好的应用效果。     

长江流域降水的季节变化对流域水资源的影响研究

通过分析1961—2005年长江流域降水的季节变化与旱涝分布,发现45年来长江流域春季、秋季降水下降,而夏季、冬季降水增加,其中上游秋季和中下游夏季、冬季降水变化都通过了95%显著性检验.近年来,长江流域降水的季节分配不均,长江流域洪涝较多的时期,夏季降水一般显著增加;而干旱发生时,秋季降水一般下降显著.20世纪80年代中期以来,长江上游干旱化趋势加重,而中下游洪涝增多,这种旱涝并存的格局加剧了长江流域的旱涝灾害.     

Low density polyethylene composites containing cellulose pulp fibers

Unbleached and bleached Kraft cellulose pulp fibers modified with a long chain carboxylic acid, i.e. oleic acid in cold plasma conditions have been used as reinforcements in low density polyethylene (LDPE). The purpose of the modification is to enhance the interfacial adhesion between cellulose and matrix and to increase the dispersability. Composites containing up to 10 wt.% of untreated and modified cellulose pulp fibers with LDPE were prepared by melt mixing. The samples were characterized by processing behavior, mechanical and rheological properties, SEM, contact angle measurements, TGA and DSC. It was found that when the modified pulp fibers were incorporated into composites matrix, most of the properties have been improved.     

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Precipitation and Dryness/Wetness During 1961–2008 in Sichuan Province,West China

Changes in precipitation exerts a huge impact on human beings and it is of vital importance to study the regular pattern of meteorological and hydrological factors. In order to explore the changing patterns of precipitation in Sichuan province in west China during 1961–2008, several precipitation related indices were analysed by the Mann–Kendall test. For monthly precipitation, significant increasing trends are mainly found during January, March and June, while significant decreasing trends mostly are observed during July, September and October. Most of extreme precipitation indices are decreasing. Especially the annual total precipitation in wet days and maximum number of consecutive wet days show significant negative trends. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal variation of dryness/wetness has been assessed by Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and principal component analysis (PCA) on 24-month time scales. The results demonstrated noticeable spatial patterns with several sub-regions characterized by different trends: a remarkable dry tendency prevails in central and east Sichuan, while the other areas are dominated by a wet tendency.     

The environmental and cost implications of solar energy preferences in Renewable Portfolio Standards

Many state-level Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) include preferences for solar generation, with goals of increasing the generation diversity, reducing solar costs, and encouraging local solar industries. Depending on their policy design, these preferences can impact the RPS program costs and emissions reduction. This study evaluates the impact of these policies on costs and emissions, coupling an economic dispatch model with optimized renewable site selection. Three policy designs of an increased RPS in Michigan are investigated: (1) 20% Solar Carve-Out, (2) 5% Distributed Generation Solar Carve-Out, and (3) 3× Solar Multiplier. The 20% Solar Carve-Out scenario was found to increase RPS costs 28%, while the 5% Distributed Generation Solar Carve-Out increased costs by 34%. Both of these solar preferences had minimal impact on total emissions. The 3× Solar Multiplier decreases total RPS program costs by 39%, but adds less than half of the total renewable generation of the other cases, significantly increasing emissions of CO₂, NO_x, and SO₂ relative to an RPS without the solar credit multiplier. Sensitivity analysis of the installed cost of solar and the natural gas price finds small changes in the results of the Carve-Out cases, with a larger impact on the 3× Solar Multiplier.     

Streamflow Trends and Climate Variability Impacts in Poyang Lake Basin, China

Under the background of global warming, does the effect of the rising global surface temperature accelerate the hydrological cycle? To address this issue, we use the hydro-climatic data from five sub-basins in Poyang Lake basin in the southeast China over the past 50 years, to investigate the annual and seasonal trends of streamflow and the correlations between streamflow and climatic variables. The Theil–Sen Approach and the non-parametric Mann–Kendall test are applied to identify the trends in the annual and seasonal streamflow, precipitation and evapotranspiration series. It was found that annual and seasonal streamflow of all the stations had increasing trends except Lijiadu station in wet season. Only 37.5% hydro-stations in annual streamflow increased significantly, while most stations increased at 95% significance level in dry season. Trends in annual and seasonal precipitation during the whole period were generally not as significant as those in evapotranspiration. The correlations between streamflow and climate variables (precipitation and evapotranspiration) were detected by the Pearson’s test. The results showed that streamflow in the Poyang Lake basin are more sensitive to changes in precipitation than potential evapotranspiration.     

Effect of nutrient supplementation on ethanol production in different strategies of saccharification and fermentation from acid pretreated rice straw

The effect of nutrient supplementation on ethanol production by recently selected thermotolerant yeast (Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-6860) was investigated in different strategies of saccharification and fermentation employing rice straw pretreated by dilute acid. Among the evaluated strategies, similar ethanol yields (Y_P/S ∼ 0.23 g g⁻¹) were obtained with or without nutrient addition. However, considering the whole process time, the strategy based on simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), without pre-hydrolysis, was assigned as the most suitable configuration due to the highest ethanol volumetric productivity (1.4 g L⁻¹ h⁻¹), about 2-fold higher in relation to the others. The impact of enzymatic preparation employed in this study was also evaluated on glucose fermentation in semi-synthetic medium. The enzymatic preparation affected both glucose consumption and ethanol production by K. marxianus NRRL Y-6860, but just in the absence of nutrients. Therefore, the enzyme type and loading should be carefully defined, not only by the capital costs involved, but also by the possibility of increasing the fermentation inhibitors.     

Morphology,mechanical properties,and dimensional stability of wood particle/high density polyethylene composites: Effect of removal of wood cell wall composition

Variation in the chemical composition of wood cell walls has a significant influence on the properties of wood plastic composites (WPCs). This study investigated the effect of removal of hemicellulose and/or lignin on the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of WPCs. Four types of wood particles with various compositions including native wood flour (WF), hemicellulose-removed particle (HR), holocellulose (HC), and α-cellulose (αC) were prepared and compounded with high density polyethylene (HDPE) in an extruder, both with and without maleated polyethylene. Injection molding was used to make test specimens. The HR-based composites exhibited the best water resistance. The HC-based composites obtained a greater tensile modulus but a lower water resistance. The highest values for tensile strength, elongation at brake, toughness, and impact strength were achieved by the composites filled with αC.     

Visible light induced methylene blue dye degradation photo-catalyzed by WO3/graphene nanocomposites and the mechanism

Graphene incorporated WO₃ nanocomposites with different graphene contents were synthesized in the present study using the hydrothermal approach. The results showed nano-structured WO₃ sticks were uniformly dispersed within the graphene sheets. The incorporation of the graphene significantly decreased the band gap energy of the pristine WO₃. Due to this reason, the prepared WO₃/Graphene nanocomposites had much higher photodegradation efficiency to the methylene blue dye than the pristine WO₃. More importantly, it was found that the prepared nanocomposites could initiate dye degradation with a very desirable efficiency under visible light, and the methylene blue molecules could be converted to some small molecules during this process. This study provides an effective photocatalyst which can initiate dyestuff degradation in the wastewater under visible light.