An Integrated Groundwater Management Mode Based on Control Indexes of Groundwater Quantity and Level

Groundwater is an important source of freshwater throughout the world. Due to over-exploitation of groundwater over many years, a number of potential adverse hydrogeological problems have raised. To reduce such adverse effects, it is necessary to carry out strict groundwater management in over-exploited areas. In this study, quantity-level binary control management mode has been developed in Tianjin. Initially, the management is the key to determine control levels of groundwater including the blue line levels (proper levels) and red line levels (warning levels), the blue line levels can be determined by the ground settlement recovery scenario, and the red line levels can be determined through planning groundwater exploitation scenarios. By comparing the real-time observed groundwater data with the blue levels and red levels the management grade of groundwater levels which are present, can thus be identified. Secondly, the corresponding management strategies would be determined by the management grade. On this basis reasonable groundwater levels and mining schemes can be made. Finally, the water quota for each sector can be optimized and adjusted in real time according to the binary groundwater management methodology established in this study. Thus, the exploitation of groundwater can be monitored and dynamically managed by the real-time monitoring levels and the sustainable utilization of groundwater resources can be achieved. To achieve all the objectives mentioned above, it is necessary to provide a powerful tool through the utilization of a numerical model for groundwater management. Based on geological and hydrogeological conditions in Tianjin city, a three-dimensional numerical groundwater flow model was established by coupling a one-dimensional soil consolidation model with MODFLOW model. Through calibration and verification, the model showed good simulation accuracy. It proved that the new management mode can provide a scientific basis for groundwater management.     

国家地下水监测工程(水利部分)信息化成果

国家地下水监测工程（水利部分）项目信息化部分包括地下水标准规范体系建设,中央-流域-省-地市四级数据交换共享体系建设,以及涵盖全部地下水监测分析业务的一体化信息支撑平台。通过项目建设,建成国家级地下水自动监测系统,反演主要平原区 2000 年以来长系列地下水动态变化过程,将地下水给水度、降雨入渗、蒸发等参数汇集后统一进行网格化处理,为地下水蓄变量的分析及地下水资源量的计算提供基础,对国家地下水监测工程（水利部分）的信息化建设内容及成果进行总结,并提出下一步的工作建议。     

基于PCA的于桥水库富营养化因子分析

为了加强城市供水安全,保障库区饮用水质量,对于桥水库富营养状况及主要影响因素进行深入的分析.根据于桥水库库区的水质监测资料,利用主成分分析的方法对影响富营养化的监测指标如叶绿素a,总氮,总磷,氨氮,高锰酸盐指数等进行分析,10项评价指标通过主成分分析降维到4项,前4个主成分能够解释73.6％的数据内容.在主成分筛选的基础上进一步进行因子分析,并对各因子的空间分布状况进行描述,以期为于桥水库生态管理提供理论依据.结果表明:水温、pH、COD及溶解氧是影响水库水体富营养化的主要驱动因子,水库中心区域的各主成分值最高.     

水位下降过程中气相对土坡稳定性的影响

基于饱和-非饱和水-气二相流模型,对土坡在水位下降过程中的孔隙水压力、孔隙气压力、毛细压力及水相饱和度的变化过程进行模拟;基于模拟得到的不同时刻的渗流状态,采用Bishop简化方法推导出考虑孔隙气压力及坡外水压力的土坡安全系数计算公式,分析了水位下降过程中不同渗透性土坡安全系数的变化规律,及基质吸力和气相的存在对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:水位下降过程中土坡的安全系数逐渐减小,水位下降后土坡的安全系数略有增大;考虑气相影响后土坡的安全系数降低,考虑基质吸力影响后土坡的安全系数增大;岸坡土体的渗透率越大,水位下降过程中安全系数较大,而水位下降后安全系数较小。     

地下水开发利用水位水量“二元”指标管理模式研究

针对传统的地下水资源管理主要以"可开采量"作为地下水开发利用控制指标在实际工作中所存在的问题,本研究提出了地下水水位-水量"二元"指标管理新模式.以天津市地下水开发利用为例,建立以地面沉降为约束条件的研究区地下水水位-水量数值模型,利用GMS软件可以模拟出不同时期各含水层的控制水位,实现"以地下水可开采量为总量控制指标、以控制性水位为表征指标"的管理新模式."二元"指标管理模式实现了对地下水资源可持续开发利用的有效管理.     

中态分布降水和中值径流及其应用

本文提出了中态分布降水和中值径流的概念,并利用中态分布的降水与其汇出径流(中值径流)同频的特性,通过特征降水计算控制站地表径流的汇出特征,回避了区域水资源开发利用调查给汇出地表径流计算带来的偏差和困难,并应用此方法计算了天津市入境特征水量.这为受人类活动影响条件下的区域径流汇出特征计算提供了相应的计算方法.     

国家地下水监测综合成果分析应用系统建设成果

国家地下水监测综合成果分析应用系统是在国家地下水监测工程(水利部分)初步设计的八大统一开发的软件基础上,充分考虑地下水日常管理分析需要,为水利部业务管理人员开发的地下水综合成果分析应用系统。基于本次建设的10 298个地下水自动监测站的建设成果,按照补给、径流、排泄的关系,横向整合气象、水文、水资源等7类数据资源,纵向融合2000—2016年北方17个省人工地下水埋深监测成果,实现对地下水监测数据深加工、分析评价产品自动化生成及超采区水位滚动预警等功能,为摸清全国主要平原区地下水动态变化,以及厘清地下水超采区形成的过程、现状、未来的趋势,落实华北地区地下水超采区综合治理措施提供重要技术支撑。     

Risk Assessment of Groundwater and its Application. Part II: Using a Groundwater Risk Maps to Determine Control Levels of the Groundwater

With the rapid development of economy, demand of water resources is becoming larger and larger, and over-exploitation of groundwater is common in many areas. Due to over-exploitation of groundwater over many years, a number of potential adverse hydrogeological problems have raised. To reduce such adverse effects, it is necessary to carry out strict groundwater management in over-exploited areas. And to achieve the strictest management of groundwater, it is critical to determine control levels of groundwater including the blue line levels (proper levels) and red line levels (warning levels). According to the establishment of evaluation model of shallow and deep groundwater exploitation and utilization risks, it can be observed that the groundwater level index factor is included in the evaluation index system in different groundwater function zones. Therefore, there is a corresponding relationship between the risk grade and groundwater level of different underground aquifers. The risk grade of different groundwater function zones in Tianjin is divided into five grades, which contributes to the risk management of groundwater, avoiding the arising of a wide range of risk management measure. However, to determine the key groundwater level, the standard of five grades cannot meet the requirements. The risk grades need to be divided more subtly. Hence, in this paper, the risk grade was divided according to the standard of sixteen grades based on that of five grades in the first place. The higher the grade is, the greater the risk. And then the occurrence frequency of risk grade for each aquifer was counted in each administrative district or country. The corresponding water level of the risk grade, whose occurrence frequency was the highest, served as the base level. The water level of groundwater that would be exploited and utilized in the future cannot be below this base level. In consequence, this water level that served as the red line level was the minimum requirement in the planning years, while the corresponding water levels of other risk grades that were inferior to this risk grade can all be seen as red line levels. And the planning period the long-term corresponding groundwater level of the aquifers under mining-banned condition can be used as blue line control levels of the different planning years. Finally, according to the determinate range of red line level change amplitude in each district or country, as well as the ultimate restoration aim of groundwater levels (blue line levels), corresponding measures were taken step by step to achieve the overall rising of groundwater levels. The obtained determinate control levels can provide a scientific basis for dynamic management of groundwater.     

天津市平原区第Ⅰ含水岩组地下水脆弱性评价研究

地下水脆弱性分区评价是合理开发利用地下水资源、防止地下水污染的重要基础性工作。传统的DRASTIC方法对评价参数赋予固定的经验性权重,存在一定缺陷。采用熵权法与层次分析法相结合的方法,对权重确定方法加以改进,并以易受污染的天津市平原区第Ⅰ含水岩组地下水为研究对象开展实例研究。改进权重的DRASTIC方法突出了影响程度大、原始数据较分散的净补给量、地下水埋深和包气带类型三项评价参数的权重值,剔除了影响不大且各评价单元原始数据相差很小的坡度参数。结果表明,天津市平原区第Ⅰ含水岩组地下水较低脆弱性分区、中度偏低脆弱性分区、中度偏高脆弱性分区、较高脆弱性分区和高脆弱性分区的面积比例分别为1.3%、22.3%、42.6%、31.2%、2.6%,具体分布与实际情况吻合较好。改进权重的DRASTIC方法可同时兼顾指标数据的分布特点和权重的经验性取值,对开展地下水脆弱性评价具有参考价值。