The economic effects of Rhyzopertha dominica on rice quality: Objective and subjective measures

Infestations of internal feeders such as Rhyzopertha dominica cause damage to stored grains, including rice. Few studies, though, have measured the economic effects of that damage. In this study, samples of rough long grain rice were infested with R. dominica at several rates (0, 20, and 200 adults/kg). The effects of these infestations on rice quality and quantity were measured objectively using color and milling yield. They were also measured subjectively with a blind taste/sensory consumer taste test and a non-hypothetical auction measuring consumer willingness to pay for the different qualities of rice.The objective quantity and value loss ranged from 2% for lightly-infested rice to 3.5% for heavily-infested rice. For subjective effects, results of the auction suggested that participants on average were willing to pay only a small premium for less infested rice. This test confirmed results of the sensory taste panel, which showed that participants on average detected very little difference among rice samples with alternative levels of infestation. However, when they were given extra information verifying that rice with lower infestation levels was higher quality or that the rice was stored using IPM methods, the potential price increase from reducing R. dominica infestation could range from $0.44/kg. to $0.79/kg., plus a $0.13/kg. premium for using IPM storage methods. However, results suggest that in order to capture that value rice sellers must be able to convey information about quality and storage attributes to consumers in a way that is relevant and trustworthy.     

面向森林生态学研究的Web处理服务系统

森林是陆地生态系统的主体,森林生态保护与恢复是生态文明建设的重要组成部分.面对森林生态模型单机化、重复开发部署的现状,本文设计并实现一个面向森林生态学研究的Web处理服务系统.该系统根据开放地理空间信息联盟（Open Geospatial Consortium,OGC）制定的空间数据共享及互操作的接口规范,基于WebService技术,实现了面向森林生态学研究的多模型整合,并将模型计算结果进行展示,减少了重复开发和部署工作,提高了数据与服务的共享性.     

Photocatalytic NOx degradation of concrete surface layers intermixed and spray-coated with nano-TiO2: Influence of experimental factors

TiO₂ incorporated Eco-blocks have been successfully developed and widely used worldwide. However, under real-life service, various environmental factors will significantly influence their photocatalytic performance. In this study, the photocatalytic NO_x conversion of two sets of concrete surface layers (intermixed and spray-coated with nano-TiO₂) was investigated and compared under different NO flow rates, initial NO concentrations, ultraviolet (UV) light intensities, light sources and relative humidity (RH) conditions. In addition, the abrasion resistance of all the samples was examined. The results showed that the TiO₂ spray-coated samples (SP) outperformed the 5% TiO₂-intermixed samples with respect to NO_x removal efficiency under all the investigated conditions. Both the NO flow rate and initial NO concentration had a positive impact on the NO_x removal rate but a negative influence on the NO_x removal ratio. An increase in photocatalytic NO_x removal rate and NO_x removal ratio was attained by an increase in UV light intensity. Whereas, the NO_x removal efficiency first increased, reached a peak, and then decreased with increasing RH. It was found that the most effective light source for photocatalytic NO_x removal was UV-A, but Solar light (SL) irradiation resulted in a comparable NO_x removal. Moreover, the SP samples harboured robust resistance to abrading. The findings from this study would provide the basis for effectively evaluating the NO_x removal performance of concrete surface layers under atmospheric conditions.     

Establishing Environmental Water Requirements for the Murray–Darling Basin,Australia's Largest Developed River System

There is a global need for management of river flows to be informed by science to protect and restore biodiversity and ecological function while maintaining water supply for human needs. However, a lack of data at large scales presents a substantial challenge to developing a scientifically robust approach to flow management that can be applied at a basin and valley scale. In most large systems, only a small number of aquatic ecosystems have been well enough studied to reliably describe their environmental water requirements. The umbrella environmental asset (UEA) approach uses environmental water requirements developed for information‐rich areas to represent the water requirements of a broader river reach or valley. We illustrate this approach in the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB) in eastern Australia, which was recently subject to a substantial revision of water management arrangements. The MDB is more than 1 million km² with 18 main river valleys and many thousands of aquatic ecosystems. Detailed eco‐hydrologic assessments of environmental water requirements that focused on the overbank, bankfull and fresh components of the flow regime were undertaken at a total of 24 UEA sites across the MDB. Flow needs (e.g. flow magnitude, duration, frequency and timing) were established for each UEA to meet the needs of key ecosystem components (e.g. vegetation, birds and fish). Those flow needs were then combined with other analyses to determine sustainable diversion limits across the basin. The UEA approach to identifying environmental water requirements is a robust, science‐based and fit‐for‐purpose approach to determining water requirements for large river basins in the absence of complete ecological knowledge. © 2015 The Authors. River Research and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

宁康霉素对番茄灰霉病和晚疫病的防治效果

从渤海海泥中分离得到一株海洋细菌地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacilluslicheniformis)9912。由该菌发酵产生的生物农药宁康霉素,以100ml/667m2用量,稀释200～400倍,对防治番茄灰霉病和番茄晚疫病进行防治试验。结果表明,宁康霉素对番茄灰霉病防治效果可达78.4%～89.2%;对番茄晚疫病防治效果可达94.6%～98.8%。宁康霉素是一种广谱新型生物农药,在绿色生态农业中应用具有广阔前景。     

复合厌氧工艺处理生活污水的快速启动研究

采用两段式UASB＋AF复合厌氧反应器处理生活污水，着重研究了其快速启动的条件。结果表明，水解酸化段无需调节pH，运行20d后对COD的去除率即可达60％左右且保持稳定；甲烷化段受pH的影响较大，利用Na2CO3和NaHCO3的混合液调节该段进水的pH值在6．8～7．2之间，6d后对COD的去除率即可稳定地保持在30％左右。启动期内，温度对水解酸化段的影响不大，但显著影响甲烷化段，在试验条件下，甲烷化反应的最佳温度为30℃；在水解酸化段不设混合液回流、甲烷化段设置混合液回流的条件下，最佳的回流方式为：间隔2h回流10S。采取上述优化措施后，系统的启动时间可缩短到30d以内，仅为常规厌氧工艺启动时间（3～6个月）的1／3～1／6，反应器的运行效率得到了大幅度提高。     

复合潜流人工湿地处理城市地表径流研究

以武汉市桃花岛塘和复合潜流人工湿地组合生态处理系统为研究对象，考察了对城市地表径流的处理效果。结果表明，塘和复合潜流人工湿地组合生态系统可以有效净化城市地表径流，对各污染物的去除率：COD为84．0％～85．4％、TP为89．6％～91．8％、TN为92．2％～94．4％、SS为95．8％-97．1％，其中复合潜流人工湿地对COD、TP、TN、SS的去除率分别为69、0％～73．1％、82．6％～86．6％、89．0％～90．4％、64．7％～69．2％，除氮效果独特。在无雨期该生态系统可用于净化湖水，实现了削减污染和保持系统稳定的双重功能，同时还可补给养鱼塘用水。     

Photocatalytic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soil surfaces using TiO(2) under UV light

The photocatalytic degradation of phenanthrene (PHE), pyrene (PYRE) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on soil surfaces in the presence of TiO(2) using ultraviolet (UV) light source was investigated in a photo chamber, in which the temperature was maintained 30 degrees C. The effects of various factors, namely TiO(2), soil pH, humic acid, and UV wavelength, on the degradation performance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied. The results show that photocatalytic degradation of PAHs follows the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Catalyst TiO(2) accelerated the photodegradation of PHE, PYRE and BaP significantly, with their half-lives being reduced from 533.15 to 130.77h, 630.09 to 192.53h and 363.22 to 103.26h, respectively, when the TiO(2) content was 0.5%. In acidic or alkaline conditions, the photocatalytic degradation rates of the PAHs were greater than those in neutral conditions. Humic acid significantly enhanced the PAH photocatalytic degradation by sensitizing radicals capable of oxidizing PAHs. Photocatalytic degradation rates of PYRE and BaP on soil surfaces with 2% TiO(2) were different at UV irradiation wavelengths of 254, 310 and 365nm, respectively. The synergistic effect of UV irradiation and TiO(2) catalysis was efficient for degradation of PAHs in contaminated soil.