折板转角对混凝沉淀效果影响的研究

通过絮凝动力学机理的分析,指出水流流态对混凝效果具有重要影响。设计了折板絮凝池试验模型,对不同角度的折板组合进行了研究。结果表明第1絮凝段采用90°异波折板,第2絮凝段采用90°同波波折板的组合对浊度的去除率最高,这对实际折板絮凝池的设计有很好的参考价值。     

正交试验优选控制初滤水浊度最佳工艺

降低初滤水浊度是提高出水水质的关键,以深圳水库水作为原水进行初滤水浊度控制的研究。通过正交试验方法,比较了四种影响初滤水浊度的因素。中试结果表明:降低沉后水浊度和采用二次微絮凝对改善初滤水浊度起主要作用,调节流速与向反冲洗残留水投药的影响较小,并提出了以二次微絮凝和调节过滤初期流速为控制初滤水浊度的组合工艺,采用聚氯化铝作为微絮凝剂,投加量0.2mg/L,调节初滤水流速从3m/h到8m/h,时间间隔10min。     

REST2: High-performance solar radiation model for cloudless-sky irradiance, illuminance, and photosynthetically active radiation – Validation with a benchmark dataset

REST2, a high-performance model to predict cloudless-sky broadband irradiance, illuminance and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) from atmospheric data, is presented. Its derivation uses the same two-band scheme as in the previous CPCR2 model, but with numerous improvements. Great attention is devoted to precisely account for the effect of aerosols, in particular.Detailed research-class measurements from Billings, OK are used to assess the performance of the model for the prediction of direct, diffuse and global broadband irradiance. These measurements were made in May 2003 during a sophisticated radiative closure experiment, which involved the best radiometric instrumentation currently available and many ancillary instruments. As a whole, these exceptional measurements constitute the only known modern benchmark dataset made specifically to test the intrinsic performance of radiation models. Using this dataset as reference, it is shown that REST2 performs better than CPCR2 for irradiance, illuminance or PAR predictions. The availability of the turbidity data required by REST2 or other similar models is also discussed, as well as the effect that turbidity has on each component of broadband irradiance, PAR irradiance and illuminance, and on the diffuse/global PAR ratio.     

高压法三聚氰胺产品OAT含量高的原因分析

OAT是对高压法三聚氰胺生产过程中产生的一种副产品的统称,正常生产中三聚氰胺产品中OAT含量一般在200×10-6,若含量过高会引起三聚氰胺产品浊度超标。本文简单概述了意大利欧技公司高压法三聚氰胺生产工艺基本工艺流程,详细阐述了该工艺 OAT 产生和去除的过程,对正常生产中造成高压法三聚氰胺产品 OAT 含量升高的原因进行了分析,通过分析,总结了高压法三聚氰胺生产工艺中防止产品浊度超标操作注意事项。     

Comparing in situ particle monitoring to microscopic counts of plankton in a drinking water reservoir

In a one-year study, the multispecies assemblages of phytoplankton (picoplankton to microplankton) within a drinking water reservoir were counted, determined and evaluated in their size fractions using microscope enumeration (MC). The manual counts were compared with the size evaluation obtained by a light obscuring particle counter (PC) in order to evaluate its use for the monitoring practice of a drinking water reservoir. With this multispecies comparison we present a novel approach for the evaluation of automated counting systems.The picoplankton clearly remained uncounted by the PC even though its lower size limits imply an adequate match. The highest and most consistent count numbers of plankton (nano- and microplankton) and particles were obtained during the spring mass development. However, from the middle of the year onwards, the measured particle concentration surpassed the counted plankton abundances by two- to threefold indicating the rise of seston within the water column. This fraction would be missed if counted solely by MC. Further, the PC consistently undersized the biological counts, but not the minerogenic fraction represented by the manganese oxidising bacteria. Consequently, the rise and decline of Metallogenium bacteria was reliably monitored with the PC.The PC provides additional size information compared to other bulk optical sensors (turbidity, chlorophyll-a). The correlation of particles with probe measurement always exceeded the plankton coefficient, but all combinations of plankton, particle and probe measurement revealed significant linear regressions. However, the redundancy of the chlorophyll-a probes was also shown in order to explain plankton abundances.Our results indicate that background knowledge of the monitored system and cautious interpretation of data is required to allocate and understand automated particle counts. Therefore, only in combination with MC, the PC enables phytoplankton or minerogenic particle counts under frequent real-time monitoring conditions. As such it may serve as a helpful tool for example in critical situations in the management of drinking water reservoirs.     

The utility of multi-sensor data for mapping eroded lands

The availability of remote sensing data with improved spatial, spectral and radiometric resolution is now available to fully exploit their potential for a specific application subject to the relative merits and the limitations of each sensor's data. Presented here is a case study where Landsat MSS and TM; and SPOT MLA data for part of the Bijapur district, southern India, which were acquired on the same day, have been evaluated for mapping eroded lands. The approach involves the geometric registration of all three data to a common map grid using tie points and third order polynomial transform; and resampling the MSS and TM data to a 20m by 20 m pixel dimension and radiometric normalization. Thematic maps showing eroded lands were generated on a micro-VAXbased DIPIX system using a maximum likelihood classifier. Accuracy estimates were made for the thematic maps following stratified unaligned random sampling technique, and subsequently, computing overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient. Spectral separability and classification accuracy was maximum from SPOT-MLA data followed by a combination of Landsat MSS band 1, SPOT-MLA band 2 and Landsat TM band 4; Landsat TM, a combination of Landsat MSS, TM and SPOT MLA; and Landsat MSS data.     

A simple model to predict the removal of oil suspensions from water using the electrocoagulation technique

A simple model has been developed to predict the removal of hydrocarbon fractions from wastewater using sacrificial Al anodes. The model was successfully applied to the interpretation of experimental data obtained in a laboratory electrochemical cell operated in a batchwise manner. The adsorption equilibrium of organic matter on Al hydroxide was modelled using three equations, with the best results obtained using a Langmuir-type equation. The model was able to describe the effects of current density and pollutant concentration on the efficiency of wastewater treatment. Different values were obtained for the parameters depending on the nature of the hydrocarbon suspension. Aluminium hydroxide showed a far higher affinity for the oil/kerosene suspension but exhibited a higher capacity to remove heavy oil suspensions. The removal rates of pollutants were found to depend on the initial concentration and the current density. When the current density was sufficient to destabilise the emulsion, the zeta potential of the clear fraction measured at pH 7.0 became positive. This change was also characterised by a significant reduction in turbidity. Furthermore, the application of higher current densities did not allow further treatment of the water. However, the efficiency of emulsion destabilisation was found to depend on the concentration and current densities that were too low were ineffective.     

机载海洋激光雷达的试验研究

通过对我国首次机载激光水下目标探测试验数据的分析和处理，并辅之以必要的蒙特卡模拟实验，就有效衰减系数，大气，风速，海水分层，目标倾斜等因素对雷达系统性能的影响进行了研究，首次总结出适合工程设计使用的近似估算公式和曲线，阐述了试验中出现的异常现象，并给出了合理的解释，最后还提出了一些需要进一步深入研究的关键问题。     

生活水浊度连续监测系统的工作原理及应用

生活水浊度是水质化验的一项重要指标，本文介绍了生活水浊度连续监测系统的组成和工作原理以及在快速取样分析、加药控制、数据处理等方面的应用情况。     

A dual-probe approach for evaluation of gypsum crystallization in response to antiscalant treatment

An experimental system was developed to assess and rank the performance of commercial antiscalants designed to inhibit mineral scale formation on reverse osmosis membrane surfaces. The study focused on calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) precipitation to illustrate an approach to antiscalant ranking based on its ability to retard the observed onset (i.e., induction time) of gypsum crystallization from supersaturated solutions. The experimental method consisted of on-line monitoring solution turbidity rise and calcium ion concentration decline to signal the onset of gypsum crystallization. Significant differences were found among commercial antiscalants with respect to achievable levels of induction time retardation. Moreover, antiscalant effectiveness with respect to dosage also varied significantly among antiscalants. The present approach enables a relatively simple and robust initial screening of candidate antiscalants based on their induction time as a function of the applied dose.