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81.
Yuanjing Zheng Anker Degn Jensen Jan Erik Johnsson 《Applied catalysis. B, Environmental》2005,60(3-4):253-264
The deactivation of a commercial type V2O5-WO3-TiO2 monolith catalyst under biomass combustion was studied at a full-scale grate-fired power plant burning straw/wood using a slip stream pilot scale reactor. The aerosols in the flue gas consisted of a mixture of potassium chloride and sulphate. Three catalyst elements were exposed at 350 °C, and one element was exposed at 250 °C for comparison. The catalyst activity was measured in the reactor at the exposure temperature by addition of NH3 and extra NO. The activity, in terms of a first-order rate constant, dropped by 52% after about 1140 h indicating a very fast deactivation compared to coal firing. It was also found that the reactor temperature was not of importance for the deactivation rate. SEM-EDX analysis showed that particle deposition and pore blocking contributed to the deactivation by decreasing the diffusion rate of NO and NH3 into the catalyst. However, potassium also penetrated into the catalyst wall and the resulting average K/V ratio in the catalyst structure was high enough (about 0.3–0.5) for a significant chemical deactivation. Chemisorption studies carried out in situ showed that the amount of chemisorbed NH3 on the catalyst decreased as a function of exposure time, which reveals that Brøndsted acid sites had reacted with potassium compounds and thereby rendered inactive. When washed by 0.5 M H2SO4 the regenerated catalyst regains a higher activity than that of the fresh catalyst at temperatures higher than 300 °C, but even though reactivation is possible, the deactivation rate appears too high for practical use of the SCR process in straw combustion. 相似文献
82.
用裂隙岩体渗流与应力耦合分析的四自由度全耦合法对岩质边坡进行耦合分析,通过强度折减有限元法求解岩体边坡的稳定安全系数。四自由度全耦合法建立了同时以渗流水压和位移为未知量的耦合方程组,使得渗流场与应力场的求解能够一次性完成,与两场交叉迭代分析方法相比达到了彻底的完全耦合。通过强度折减,整个系统达到不稳定状态,有限元计算将不收敛,此时的折减系数就是安全系数。算例表明由此求得的边坡稳定安全系数和滑动面都与传统方法十分接近。 相似文献
83.
简述了当代的直接还原现状与方法,论述了直接还原是发展短流程的重要基础,直接还原也是熔融还原法的重要组成,同时分析了发展直接还原与熔融还原是当代世界冶金变革中的重要方向之一,也是中国面向21世纪的重大任务。 相似文献
84.
W. Sjoerd Kijlstra Joop C.M.L. Daamen Jolinde M. van de Graaf Bart van der Linden Eduard K. Poels Alfred Bliek 《Applied catalysis. B, Environmental》1996,7(3-4):337-357
The effect of water on the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide with ammonia over alumina supported with 2–15 wt.-% manganese oxide was investigated in the temperature range 385–600 K, with the emphasis on the low side of this temperature window. Studies on the effect of 1–5 vol.-% water vapour on the SCR reaction rate and selectivity were combined with TPD experiments to reveal the influence of water on the adsorption of the single SCR reactants. It turned out that the activity decrease due to water addition can be divided into a reversible inhibition and an irreversible deactivation. Inhibition is caused by molecular adsorption of water. TPD studies showed that water can adsorb competitively with both ammonia and nitric oxide. Additional kinetic experiments revealed that adsorbed ammonia is present in excess on the catalyst surface, even in the presence of water. Reduced nitric oxide adsorption is responsible for the observed reversible decrease in the reaction rate; the fractional reaction order changes from 0.79 in the absence of water to 1.07 in its presence. Deactivation is probably due to the dissociative adsorption of water, resulting in the formation of additional surface hydroxyls. As the amount of surface hydroxyls formed is limited to a saturation level, the deactivating effect on the catalyst is limited too. The additional hydroxyls condense and desorb in the temperature range 525–775 K, resulting in a lower degree of deactivation at higher temperature. A high temperature treatment at 775 K results in a complete regeneration. The amount of surface hydroxyls formed per unit surface area decreases at increasing MnOx-loading. The selectivity to the production of nitrogen is enhanced significantly by the presence of gas phase water. 相似文献
85.
Selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide by propane over vanadia-titania aerogels 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
An investigation has been carried out of the effect of vanadia loading on the activity and selectivity ofV2O5TiO2 aerogel catalysts, prepared by a two-step procedure, for the reduction of NO by propane. The structure of catalysts have been characterized by laser Raman spectroscopy and XRD measurements. At vanadia loading levels below ca. 4.4 wt%, the vanadia is present in the form of coordinated polymeric species, whereas crystallites of V2O5 are formed at higher vanadia contents. At this critical level of 4.4 wt% V2O5, the kinetic measurements showed also a maximum in the activity per mass of catalyst which very likely indicated that the coordinated polymeric surface species are more active than crystalline V2O5. The selectivity towards the formation of dinitrogen decreased as the loading increased, presumably because of the formation of larger polymeric species and V2O5 crystallites, below and above the critical loading level, respectively. For the reduction of NO by propane, titania supported vanadia aerogel catalysts are significantly more active, per mass of catalyst, and more selective towards N2 formation than conventionalV2O5TiO2 and V2O5Al2O3 aerogel catalysts, at vanadia loading levels below ca. 11 wt%. 相似文献
86.
本文提出了一种新的限制输出个数减少随机多变量自适应控制中辨识参数的方法,并给出了减少辨识参数的极点配置自适应算法。虽然采用n个输入1个输出的减少辨识参数的模型来设计控制器,但所提出的控制器能够保证被控系统的几个输出跟踪参考输入信号,仿真结果表明,所提出的方法是成功的。 相似文献
87.
The concept of moving surface boundary-layer control, as applied to a Joukowsky airfoil, is investigated through a planned
experimental programme complemented by numerical studies. The moving surface was provided by rotating cylinders located at
the leading edge and/or trailing edge as well as top surface of the airfoil. Results suggest that the concept is quite promising,
leading to a substantial increase in lift and a delay in stall. Depending on the performance desired, appropriate combinations
of cylinder geometry, location and speed can be selected to obtain favourable results over a wide range of angle of attack.
Next, effectiveness of the concept in reducing drag of bluff bodies such as a two-dimensional flat plate at large angles of
attack, rectangular prisms and three-dimensional models of trucks is assessed through an extensive wind tunnel test-programme.
Results show that injection of momentum through moving surfaces, achieved here by introduction of bearing-mounted, motordriven,
hollow cylinders, can significantly delay separation of the boundary-layer and reduce the pressure drag. The momentum injection
procedure also proved effective in arresting wind-induced vortex resonance and galloping type of instabilities. A flow visualization
study, conducted in a closed-circuit water tunnel using slit lighting and polyvinyl choride tracer particles, adds to the
wind-tunnel and numerical investigations. It shows, rather dramatically, the effectiveness of the moving surface boundary-layer
control (MSBC).
The Sabita Chaudhury Memorial Lecture
The models were fabricated in the Mechanical Engineering Workshop. The assistance of M/s E Abell, P Hurren and D Camp in the
design and construction of the models is gratefully acknowledged. The investigation was supported by the Natural Sciences
and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Grant No. A-2181. 相似文献
88.
89.
项重写系统的并行归约可以提高归约的效率,在无共享内存的Transputer网络上实现时要考虑任务的分配,项的拼装,归约任务的控制等问题,其中怎么样减少机间的机内进程的通信慢提高系统效果的关键。本文从控制方式角度讨论在不同拓扑结构的Transputer网络上实现项重写系统的方案,重点介绍基于树形结构下的控制方法,进程安排和通讯形式。 相似文献
90.
In this work, a possible way for partial CO2 emissions reduction from gas turbine exhausts by co-firing with biomass is investigated. The basic principle is the recirculation of a fraction of the exhausts (still rich in oxygen) to a gasifier, in order to produce syngas to mix with natural gas fuel. As biomass is a CO2 neutral fuel, the fraction of replaced natural gas is a measure of CO2 removal potential of the powerplant. 相似文献