A review of bio-oils from waste biomass: Focus on fish processing waste

Biofuels are derived from biomass using biochemical, thermochemical, and physical and chemical extraction processes. Waste oils from animal and vegetable sources continue to be important biomass feedstock due to the potential benefits over petroleum and some of the virgin vegetable oil based fuels. In this paper, the chemical, thermal, and physical properties of biofuels derived from virgin and waste sources are reviewed. In addition, the processes used for recovering bio-oils from animal fats (beef tallow, lard, and poultry waste) and greases, and purification and refining of bio-oils are discussed as well as the resulting performance as a fuel. Particular focus will be on production of biofuels from fish waste. The potential for biofuel from fish waste is a function of the location and size of the processing plant, type of fuel requirements, and characteristics of the fish waste.     

大型建筑施工企业多项目管理研究

本文对我国大型建筑施工企业现有的多项目管理模式进行了分析，找出了其中存在的问题和不足，提出了多项目管理企业对组织结构的要求，旨在为提高我国大型建筑施工企业的多项目管理水平提供帮助。     

对青山选煤厂质量管理工作的分析

文章对青山选煤厂从入选原料煤质量管理到生产过程质量管理,再到全厂全员质量管理的各部门的管理特色进行了分析。     

田湾核电厂一回路水化学优化与辐射源项控制

压水堆核电厂一回路辐射场的影响因素众多,主要有两个方面,一是系统设备的材料,二是一回路水化学参数。本文对田湾核电厂溶解H₂、硼碱协调曲线控制、注Zn技术、停堆氧化对辐射源项的影响进行探讨,最后提出建议。     

核电厂负刚度阻尼隔震结构的地震响应研究

隔震技术能有效减小核电厂上部结构的加速度响应，但强地震作用下隔震层位移过大会导致管道断裂。本文基于曲面运动原理及预压弹簧伸缩特性提出了一种负刚度阻尼系统，通过球铰在拱球面曲线运动实现负刚度特性，并在弹簧压缩方向提供黏滞阻尼性能。提出了负刚度系统的理论恢复力模型并进行了力学特性分析，设计了负刚度装置并完成了静力试验，结果显示理论恢复力模型与试验结果的一致性较理想。将核电厂负刚度阻尼隔震结构与核电厂隔震结构进行了地震响应对比分析，比较了不同地震波输入下的地震响应。结果表明负刚度阻尼系统可有效同时减小核电厂上部加速度响应和隔震层位移响应。     

核电厂电气设备陶瓷部件受风生飞射物的冲击破坏

为研究沿海台风中的风生飞射物对核电厂电气设备的冲击破坏，以核电厂户外高压电气设备的陶瓷绝缘材料为研究对象，基于LS-DYNA和HyperMesh，分析陶瓷部件在小球和钢管打击下的破坏情况。结果表明：在受到钢管垂直打击时，陶瓷部件很容易发生破坏；在受到小球冲击时，陶瓷部件局部表面发生破坏。进一步计算得到小球对陶瓷部件的临界破坏冲击速度，可为后续设计和研究提供参考。     

Soil-to-Plant Transfer Factors of Stable Elements and Naturally Occurring Radionuclides (1) Upland Field Crops Collected in Japan

In long-term dose assessment models for radioactive waste disposal, an important exposure pathway to humans is via ingestion of contaminated foods. In order to obtain soil-to-plant transfer factors (TFs) of radionuclides under equilibrium conditions, naturally existing elements were measured as analogues of radionuclides. Crops grown in upland fields and associated soil samples were collected from 62 sampling sites throughout Japan. The total concentrations of 52 elements in the crops and 54 elements in the soil samples were measured. The TFs of 40 elements (Li, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Mo, Cd, Sn, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Pb, Th and U) were calculated on a dry weight basis.

Among all the TF data, K showed the highest TF with a geometric mean (GM) of 2.1, followed by P. The GMs of TFs for rare earth elements, Th and U were on the order of 10^?4. Most of the TF-GMs for green vegetables were higher than GMs of all crops for the elements. The obtained TFs of some elements for green vegetables and potatoes were compared with those in the technical report series-364 (TRS-364) compiled by IAEA in 1994. The TF-GMs were usually lower than the best estimates (expected values) listed in TRS-364; however, the GMs of TF for La and TF for Th observed for potatoes were slightly higher than the expected values.     

An adaptive control scheme using multiple reference models

This paper develops an extended model reference adaptive control scheme to expand the capacity of state feedback state tracking adaptive control to handle the plant‐model matching uncertainties for single‐input LTI systems. The extended scheme is developed, using multiple reference model systems (only one of which is required to be able to match the controlled plant), and multiple controllers (which are updated from adaptive laws generated from multiple reference model systems based estimation errors), as two key features of such design to relax a plant‐model matching condition. A switching mechanism is constructed using those multiple estimation errors, capable of selecting the suitable control input from the multiple control signals, to achieve the desired system performance. An aircraft flight control example is presented to show the capacity of such design in relaxing a practical design condition. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Decision trees aided scheduling for firm power capacity provision by virtual power plants

The incorporation of Distributed Generation (DG) under the Virtual Power Plant (VPP) concept allows the market integration of several and largely dispersed electric power sources. One matter of concern for the VPP owner and operator is to follow the hourly schedule regardless of the stochastic nature of some of its sources or any unpredicted generation outages. This study presents a Decision Tree (DT) based methodology that prepares for the dispatching of power equivalent to the possible loss of the highest injection of one of the sources of the VPP (according to day-ahead hourly schedule) to the rest of its sources, on an hour-ahead horizon. This allows VPP operators to provide firm capacity and participate effectively in the energy market.     

Development of a Method of Selecting Important Alarms for Nuclear Power Plants

Presenting important alarms selected from a large number of activated alarms provides useful operational support under a transient status in a nuclear power plant. We have developed an alarm processing method which selects and presents important alarms depending on plant status.

In this method, important alarms are selected, first, based on physical relationships between alarms and component status including alarms themselves and second, even more important alarms are selected from the previously selected alarms according to the identified initial event causing the transient. Identification of the initial event is implemented by a neural network. The identified initial event and selected important alarms are presented to show the cause and influence of the transient.

A prototype based on the above alarm processing method was validated during the start-up test at Kashiwazaki Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant Unit Number 4 of Tokyo Electric Power Co. The initial events, which were load rejection, turbine trip and main steam isolation valve closure, were correctly identified and about 30% of all activated alarms were selected as important. It was verified by an operating expert that the presentation of the identified initial event and the selected important alarms were effective to understand rapidly and correctly the transient status of the plant.