Measurement of Activity Coefficients from Unsteady State Evaporation and Growth of Microdroplets

Techniques are presented for determination of activity coefficients of binary systems from unsteady state evaporation and growth of single microdroplets in controlled environments. A high-precision light scattering method based on resonances observed in light scattering by microdroplets was used to determine the size and composition of a microdroplet as functions of time. The techniques were validated through data on growth of glycerol microdroplets in slowly developing water vapor concentration fields and evaporation of microdroplets, containing volatile dimethylphthalate (DMP) and nonvolatile dioctylphthalate (DOP), in vapor-free atmospheres. When the water vapor concentration in the surrounding gas changes slowly a glycerol droplet maintains a dynamic equilibrium with the water vapor; thus the activity coefficient of water was determined from knowledge of the droplet composition and the water vapor saturation ratio in the gas phase. The activity coefficients of DMP were determined on the basis that the instantaneous evaporation rate of a DMP-DOP microdroplet in a vapor-free atmosphere is equal to the product of the activity of DMP and the evaporation rate of a pure DMP droplet. The activity coefficient values obtained from microdroplet experiments are highly reproducible and agree with data available in the literature.     

废热锅炉管板水槽结构有限元分析及强度评定

根据废热锅炉管板水槽平盖既要满足静力强度要求,又要有利于传热的特点,对管板水槽平盖连接区域进行了三维有限元分析,根据有限元分析结果,按JB 4732—1995《钢制压力容器—分析设计标准》的规定进行了强度评定,为进行详细工程设计提供了依据。     

Delay time compensation based on coefficient of restitution for collision hybrid motion simulator

A hybrid motion simulator embeds a hardware experiment in a numerical simulation loop. However, it is often subjected to the inherent problem of an energy increase in the collision of two pieces of hardware in a loop because of the delay time. This paper proposes a delay time compensation method based on contact dynamics model for a collision hybrid motion simulator under delay time and establishes a compensation method for coupled translational and rotational motion. The model developed in this paper describes linear uniform motion of a floating object during the period of the delay time until the force and torque are observed and non-linear motion according to environmental stiffness after the initial delay time period in contact. By using the above model, compensation parameters are designed based on desired coefficient of restitution with iterative calculation. The proposed method achieves accurate delay time compensation and simultaneously realizes a variable desired coefficient of restitution over a wide range of frequencies. Furthermore, the compensation method for multi-dimensional motion is established under the assumption that the friction effect is very small. The efficiency of the proposed method is verified through collision experiments for the coupled motion in two dimensions.     

A PRACTICAL METHOD FOR RECTIFYING INTERFACIAL TENSION DATA TO PREDICT THE SHAPE OF INTERFACES IN AN IMMISCIBLE LIQUID/LIQUID/GAS SYSTEM

The shape of interfaces formed by the contact of two liquid phases, immiscible with each other, and a gaseous phase can be predicted on the condition that the tension to work at each interface is known with a sufficient accuracy. In general, interfacial tension data available are not so accurate, however, as to be useful as they are in predicting the shape of interfaces, particularly when the spreading coefficient of either liquid (liquid 1) on the other (liquid 2) has a negative value of a small magnitude. Presented in this note is a simple method to rectify the interfacial tension data, with the aid of a measurement of the radius of a lens of liquid 1 of a known volume placed on the horizontal surface of liquid 2, and thereby make them usable for predicting interfacial geometries. The method is tested by applying it to benzene/water and n-pentane/water systems.     

End-capped polystyrene with 8-hydroxyquinoline group by ATRP method

8-Hydroxyqunioline end-capped polystyrene was prepared through atom transfer free radical polymerization (ATRP) with 8-(5-chloromethyl) quinolyl acetate as initiator. The results indicated that this polymerization is a first order reaction with respect to monomer conversion. The molecular weight increased linearly with monomer consumption and very narrow distribution of molecular weight was obtained (polydispersity index less than 1.2). The FT-IR and NMR results show that the 8-hydroxyquinloine group was chemically bonded to the polymer end and there is nearly one 8-hydroxyquinoline group in per polymer chain. All those data show that polymerization of styrene at such conditions displayed living characters. The polymer with 8-hydroxyqquinoline end group reacted with triethylaluminum to form polymeric light-emitting complex and single layer LED was prepared by common spin-coating method. The peak wavelength of LED based on synthesized polymeric complex was around 570 nm.     

4-氟苯甲醛合成研究

研究了以4-氯苯甲醛(PCAD)和无水氟化钾为原料合成4-氟苯甲醛(PFAD)的氟化反应。在溶剂选择,催化剂筛选、工艺条件优化以及动力学研究等方面进行了研究,在以硝基苯为溶剂N(KF):N(PCAD):N(PH4Pr):N((?))=3: 1:0．1:0．05,反应温度为210℃,反应时间8小时,最佳工艺条件下,4-氟苯甲醛的收率达80．9％,纯度99．5％以上。     

THE ROLE OF INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA IN A LIQUID-LIQUID REACTION SYSTEM: EXTRACTION OF PROPANOIC ACID BY TRIOCTYLAMINE

The kinetics of extraction of propanoic acid from water to isobulanol by reaction with trioctylamine have been investigated. Mass transfer was modelled by extending the approach used in absorption with chemical reaction, as it is usually done for liquid-liquid reactions. The presence of the amine, however, gave rise to phenomena that cause this method to fail, producing inconsistent results. In order to explain these data, the presence of relevant interfacial phenomena must be supposed.     

热处理制度对高ZnO含量的Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2系统玻璃析晶及热膨胀系数的影响

以TiO2 ZrO2 P2O5为复合成核剂,采用传统熔融冷却法获得了高ZnO含量的Li2O-A l2O3-SiO2系统的基础玻璃。通过差热分析确定了该玻璃的热处理条件、晶化性能,利用梯温炉实验、X射线衍射分析和扫描电镜对晶化试样的物相和微观结构进行了研究,讨论了热处理制度对玻璃的析晶及热膨胀系数的影响。研究结果表明:含10%(质量分数)ZnO的LAS系统样品玻璃最佳核化温度为(710±2)℃,玻璃的晶化活化能E为(275±2)kJ/mol,晶化指数n为3.11±0.2,样品玻璃在较低温度下失透,并且随着晶化温度升高,样品的热膨胀系数加大。     

基于扁管的蒸发式冷凝器管外传热传质特性研究

强化蒸发式冷凝器管外传热传质可有效降低系统能耗，利用Fluent软件，结合自编译程序及组分输运模型对扁管蒸发式冷凝器管外传热传质过程建模，选取了等周长圆管模型进行比较，研究了二者传热传质性能的差异。通过研究管外液膜厚度及速度，以及管外温度分布和含湿量的变化规律，对比了扁管和圆管的平均表面传热系数，结果表明扁管的平均表面传热系数于圆管提升了9.04%。模拟了风速从1.5 m·s^-1变化至3 m·s^-1以及喷淋密度从0.15 kg·m^-1·s^-1增加至0.3 kg·m^-1·s^-1时对扁管式蒸发式冷凝器换热的影响，得到随着风速及喷淋密度的增加其平均表面传热系数分别增加了5.68%和30.26%。对扁管式蒸发式冷凝器管外的传热传质特性的研究为其应用提供了理论指导。     

Diffusion coefficients of Cu(II) complexes with ligands used in alkaline electroless copper plating solutions

The diffusion coefficient values of the Cu(II) complex compounds with EDTA, DTPA, NTA, Quadrol, glycerol, saccharose, (+)- and (±)-tartaric acid, OH^– ions obtained by polarographic measurements in alkaline solutions lie in the range (1.2–5.7) × 10^–6 cm² s^–1 (at 20 C and J = 3) depending on the size of complex species, and are less than those of free (hydrated) Cu(II) ions and methanediol anion (H₂C(OH)O^–) determined under the same conditions which are 7.0 × 10^–6 and 10 × 10^–6 cm² s^–1, respectively. The linear dependence of the polarographically determined diffusion coefficient values on the inverse radius of Cu(II) complex species is observed.