In Situ FTIR Study of the Formation of an Organosilane Layer at the Silica/Solution Interface

An FTIR experiment especially designed to study the growth of an organosilane layer at the interface between a solution and a flat silica surface is presented. High sensitivity is achieved by using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) technique in a liquid flow cell. The ATR crystal, either silicon or germanium, is covered with a very thin silica layer. Chemical reactions of a mono-and a di-hydrolyzable silane with the silica substrate have been investigated. The grafting of a submonolayer of the first reagent has been monitored by following the C-H and SiO-H vibrations. The density of grafted molecules has been estimated and information on the nature of the chemical bonding has been achieved. Evidence for the chain-polymerization of the dihydrolyzable silane at the substrate/solution interface has been inferred from the appearance of a Si-O-Si absorption band.     

Pitting corrosion of Cr–Mn–N steel in sulphuric acid media

The resistance to pitting corrosion of austenitic stainless steel Cr18Mn12N has been studied in model solutions of sulphuric acid (0.5 m) containing chloride ions (0.5 m). The cyclic potentiodynamic method has been employed to investigate the effects of chloride ions and agitation rate on the pitting and repassivation potentials. Electron and optical microscopy, electron diffraction spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectrometry have been used to detect the surface sites for pit formation and the growth of pit nuclei. The results obtained with chromium–manganese–nitrogen steel have been compared with those of austenitic Cr18Ni9 stainless steel. A similarity in pit initiation is established, while steel composition exhibits no significant effect. Cr18Mn12N steel is less prone to repassivation as compared with Cr18Ni9 steel.     

品种和加工方式对双低菜粕有效能和氨基酸有效性的影响_注

用精确饲喂技术评价了 3个品种的中国双低油菜和 1个加拿大卡诺拉的脱脂种籽和商品饼粕的能量和氨基酸的有效性。结果表明 ,4个脱脂种籽的氮校正真代谢能和氨基酸真消化率没有差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;而 4个商品饼粕的脱脂样品的氮校正真代谢能和氨基酸真消化率有极显著或显著差异。研究结果证实 ,不适当的加工方式不仅降低了氨基酸的有效性 ,而且影响家禽对能量的利用效率。     

含油蒸汽冷凝液除油中试技术研究

在实验室研究的基础上,建立了1套处理能力为1.0 m3/h的可再生吸附除油中试装置.利用该中试装置,在除油单元添加75 kg改性后的吸油材料,并使冷凝液以下流方式流经除油单元,控制进水流量为1.0 m3/h,进行了600 h的稳定运行试验.结果表明,除油单元对冷凝液中总有机碳(TOC)的去除率不低于85%,装置出水的电导率小于1.0 μS/cm,TOC质量浓度小于0.5 mg/L,SiO2质量浓度小于18 μg/L,其水质完全符合二级脱盐水的质量要求.     

The distribution of nutrient elements in cell wall and other fractions of the herbage of some grasses and legumes

The distribution of 10 nutrient elements was assessed in three fractions of herbage samples of perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, white clover and lucerne. The cell wall fraction, prepared by mechanical disintegration of undried material, contained the following proportions of the total herbage content of the major elements: N, 2.9–16.4%; P, 3.0–6.9%; S, 3.6–17.2%; Ca, 11.3–51.8%; Mg. 6.4–27.6% and K, 0.1–1.7%. Substantial though more variable proportions of the trace element cations, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were also present in the cell wall fraction. The extent to which the elements were soluble in water was assessed by analysis of the water-insoluble fraction prepared from freeze-dried samples of each herbage. The proportions of the total herbage content of the major elements soluble in water were: N, 30–57%; P, 80–92%; S, 35–71%; Ca, 48–69%; Mg. 65–83% and K, 90–96%. With the trace element cations the proportions soluble in water were more variable, though they were generally less than 70% of the total. The extent to which the various elements were soluble in 80% aqueous ethanol was assessed by analysis of the insoluble fraction prepared from freeze-dried materials. With each of the major elements, smaller proportions of the total herbage content were soluble in 80% ethanol than in water, which may reflect in part the lower solubility of proteins and pectin. With the trace element cations, the differences in solubility between 80% ethanol and water were generally small and inconsistent.     

马钢A/OO生物脱氮装置的试运行

介绍了马钢A/OO生物脱氮装置的工艺流程、工艺条件及影响因素,探讨了A/OO生物脱氮工艺试运行中存在的问题和解决措施。     

基于正则总体最小二乘准则的OFDM系统信道估计算法

基于导频的最小二乘(LS)估计方法的优点是结构简单,容易实现,但对噪声和干扰敏感。通过对OFDM系统中由于信道的时变性产生的载波间干扰进行了分析,在此基础上提出正则总体最小二乘(TLS)信道估计算法。根据Tikhonov正则化原理,导出了总体最小二乘正则化解法的计算公式。与一般的LS信道估计相比,TLS方法同时考虑了信道噪声和信道时变特性,所以该算法不仅在一般的信道条件下具有良好的性能而且也适合快变信道条件下的OFDM系统。仿真结果表明,该算法具有很好的均方误差和误比特率性能。     

泥沙起动条件分析及推移质输沙率公式

基于床面均匀泥沙颗粒相对位置关系,确定了瞬时作用流速及有效作用高度,建立了平坡泥沙起动条件与床面泥沙暴露度的关系。从理论上分析得到,泥沙跃移起动要求水流条件最高,滚动起动及滑动起动取决于泥沙颗粒的暴露角,且暴露角θ不随拖曳力系数C_D和上举力系数C_L的变化而变化。当暴露角θ小于42.8°时,泥沙更易于滚动起动;当暴露角θ大于42.8°时,泥沙更易于滑动起动。在此基础上,推导出了考虑两种起动模式的起动全概率公式,建立了床面推移质单宽输沙率公式。通过经典的推移质输沙率实测资料验证及误差计算表明,公式结构合理,计算精度较高,对于高、中、低输沙率都具有较好的适用性。     

关于饱和软土地基堤坝边坡稳定分析总应力法的讨论

在饱和的软土地基上修筑堤坝,由于孔隙水压力不易准确测定,需采用“φ=0”的总应力法进行稳定分析。这一做法在国外已明确纳入设计规范,在国内工程界较少受到重视,导致过高地估计了安全系数。本文首先系统地回顾了临界状态土力学中的伏斯列夫强度理论,在理论上阐述了饱和软土地基快速填筑时采用总应力法的原因,同时引用了Bishop和Bjerrum、美国联邦公路局、美国陆军工程师团与我国水电水利工程边坡设计规范的相关条文,确认在饱和软土地基采用总应力法进行稳定分析的合理性。以花敖泡土石坝和拉哇水电站围堰为工程实例,分别采用对土的固结不排水剪的两种做法开展稳定性分析,结果表明,直接将土的固结不排水剪强度指标ccu与φcu作为填筑后的强度参数,将严重高估其安全系数。因此建议正在修订的碾压式土石坝与边坡设计规范增加相应条文,并期望引起工程界对这一问题的重视。     

矩形明渠消力池水跃的水头损失研究

为了研究沿程水头损失与局部水头损失的变化规律,根据沿程水头损失的基本定义,推求矩形明渠消力池水跃区沿程水头损失与床面阻力系数、水跃共轭水深比、跃前断面宽高比及跃前断面水深的理论关系,提出了矩形明渠水跃区沿程水头损失及其系数和局部水头损失系数的理论公式,给出了沿程水头损失系数、局部水头损失系数和总水头损失系数的简单拟合公式。研究表明:沿程水头损失随着跃前断面水深和床面阻力系数的增大而增大,随着水跃共轭水深比和跃前断面宽高比的增大而减小;局部水头损失系数随着跃前断面弗劳德数的增大而增大;水跃区局部水头损失占比随着弗劳德数的增加而增加,弗劳德数为3时的局部水头损失占比达到90%,弗劳德数为6时的局部水头损失占比已达到95%以上。研究成果可进一步完善并丰富水跃理论体系。