Preparation of lactic acid from glucose in ionic liquid solvent system

A new reaction system was designed to economically convert glucose to lactic acid environment-friendly. Hydrophobic ionic liquids were chosen as solvent that can promote the decomposition reaction of glucose, and the catalytic performance of the solid bases was evaluated. Both the reaction temperature and time can affect the yield of lactic acid. A high yield (97%) of lactic acid was achieved under the optimal reaction condition. The 1H NMR spectra and HPLC-MS were used to identify the formation of the lact...     

Carbon spheres prepared via solvent-thermal reaction method and their microstructures after high temperature treatment

Carbon spheres with size of 50–300 nm were synthesized via a solvent-thermal reaction with calcium carbide and chloroform as reactants in a sealed autoclave. The morphologies and microstructures of carbon spheres before and after high temperature treatment (HTT) were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), energy diffraction spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The formation mechanism of carbon spheres was discussed. The results indicate that the carbon spheres convert to hollow polyhedron through HTT. Carbon spheres are composed of entangled and curve graphitic layers with short range order similar to cotton structure, and carbon polyhedron with dimension of 50–250 nm and shell thickness of 15–30 nm. The change of solid spheres to hollow polyhedron with branches gives a new evidence for formation mechanism of hollow carbon spheres.     

Relationship between the microstructure and reaction performance of aluminosilicate

A systematic study was conducted to comprehend the mechanism of thermal activation of silica-alumina materials by using 29 Si and 27 Al magnetic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectroscopy.The reaction performance of silica-alumina-based materials with different molar ratios of Si/Al,which were thermally activated,was also investigated.With the increase in calcining temperature,the coordination of Al in metakaolin becomes four,five,and six firstly,and then transforms completely to four ...     

Decarburization rate of RH refining for ultra low carbon steel

The decarburization behaviors of ultra low carbon steel in a 210-t RH vacuum degasser were investigated under practical operating conditions.According to the apparent decarburization rate constant (KC) calculated by the carbon content in the samples taken from the hot melt in a ladle at an interval of 1-2 min,it is observed that the total decarburization reaction period in RH can be divided into the quick decarburization period and the stagnant decarburization period,which is quite different from the tradit...     

Solid state interfacial reactions in electrodeposited Ni/Sn couples

Ni/Sn couples,prepared by sequentially electroplating Ni layers and Sn layers on metallized Si wafers,were employed to study the mierostructures and growth kinetics of Ni-Sn intermediate phases,when the Ni/Sn couples were aged at room temperature or annealed at temperatures from 150 to 225℃for various times.The results show that the NiSn phase and Ni_3Sn_4 phase are formed,respectively,in the aged couples and annealed couples.The Ni_3Sn_4 layer is continuously distributed between the Ni and Sn sides in t...     

COREX预还原竖炉反应进程的物理模拟

COREX工艺主要由预还原竖炉和熔化气化炉两部分组成,预还原竖炉作为气-固逆流式反应器,炉内铁氧化物的还原情况至关重要,关系到整个流程的生产效益.本文通过建立1∶20的半圆周冷态模型,利用硅胶吸水逐渐变色的特性进行预还原竖炉内气-固反应进程的可视化模拟实验,测定了不同气体流量下填充床内铁矿石的还原情况.结果表明炉内径向铁矿石还原率相差较大,随着气体流量增大而炉内气-固反应进程加快,反应进程在轴向、径向上很不均匀.     

四氯化锡掺杂聚苯胺催化合成柠檬醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛

以柠檬醛、1,2-丙二醇为原料,四氯化锡掺杂聚苯胺（PAn-SnCl4）为催化剂催化合成柠檬醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛。研究了醛醇物质的量比、催化剂质量、反应时间等因素对产品收率的影响。结果表明,在n（柠檬醛）/n（1,2-丙二醇）=1∶3,催化剂质量为反应物料总质量的2.0%,带水剂环己烷质量为反应物总质量的40%,反应时间2.0h的最佳反应条件下,柠檬醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛的收率可达94.65%。催化剂重复使用5次,产品收率仍达88.39%。     

2,4,6-三甲氧基脱氧安息香的合成新方法

以1,3,5-三甲氧基苯替代间苯三酚为原料和苯乙腈反应,用甲苯替代不易回收且安全性较差的乙醚为溶剂,通过Hoesch反应制备得到2,4,6-三甲氧基脱氧安息香,产品经HNMR和MS定性.因醚键的保护作用降低了羟基的反应活性,抑制了副反应,使得方法改进后,Hoesch反应的单步收率提高到81.3%.考察了原料配比、反应时间及ZnCl2用量对反应的影响,得到了较佳的反应条件为1,3,5-三甲氧基苯与苯乙腈的摩尔配比为1.2∶1,反应时间为28 h,ZnCl2与苯乙腈的摩尔配比为0.3∶1.     

K5CoW12O40·3H2O催化合成苯甲醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛

研究了K5CoW12O40.3H2O催化剂对苯甲醛和1,2-丙二醇为原料合成苯甲醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛的反应的催化活性。考察了醛醇物质的量比、催化剂质量、带水剂体积、反应时间、催化剂重复使用性等因素对产品收率的影响。结果表明,K5CoW12O40.3H2O是缩醛反应的良好催化剂。在最佳实验条件下：苯甲醛与1,2-丙二醇物质的量比为1：1.2、苯甲醛物质的量为0.1mol、催化剂质量为0.3g、环己烷体积为10mL、反应时间45min,苯甲醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛的收率最高可达92.8%。     

衬底温度对反应溅射TiN_x薄膜结构与电阻率的影响

采用反应磁控溅射方法,在不同Si(100)衬底温度下,制备出了TiNx薄膜。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对TiNx薄膜的物相、微观结构进行了表征,采用电子能谱仪(EDS)测定了TiNx薄膜的成分,运用四探针测试仪测量了TiNx薄膜的电阻率,研究了衬底温度对溅射TiNx薄膜结构与电阻率的影响。研究结果表明:衬底温度从室温升高到600℃时,随着温度升高,TiNx薄膜的(111)晶面衍射峰逐渐增强,500℃后减弱;(200)晶面衍射峰在300℃时最强,之后减弱。随着衬底温度的升高,TiNx薄膜的晶粒逐渐增大,300℃达最大后减小。随着衬底温度升高,TiNx薄膜的N/Ti原子含量比降低,200℃时降到最低为0.99,随后升高,500℃时最高为1.34,随后再次降低。N/Ti原子含量比与薄膜电阻率呈明显反比变化。