硅酸盐型胶磷矿单一反浮选工艺研究及工业化应用

云南某矿区产的硅酸盐型胶磷矿的SiO_2含量一般在30%以上,堆存数量巨大,使用常规的单一反浮选工艺难以达到要求的精矿指标,但是使用正反浮选工艺或者双反浮选工艺的生产成本又较高,经济效益不理想。从矿石的多元素分析发现,与CaO∶P_2O_5大于1.79的碳酸型磷块岩配矿后使用单反浮选工艺可以获得合格的精矿指标。在此思路上,对两种矿石进行配合比、解离度、磨矿细度和药剂制度的探索研究。当配合比为1∶3,磨矿细度为92%,药剂制度为抑制剂1.5kg/t、调整剂18kg/t、捕收剂3.0kg/t的情况下,最终可以获得P_2O_5品位为28.89%,MgO品位为0.91%,产率62.73%,回收率85.24%的精矿指标。     

PLA-g-GMA的制备及其对PLA/PPC共混体系性能的影响

采用双螺杆挤出机将甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)接枝到聚乳酸(PLA)上,而后将接枝产物(PLA-g-GMA)与聚乳酸(PLA)、聚碳酸亚丙酯(PPC)反应性共混,考察了接枝物中GMA加入量变化对PLA/PPC/PLA-g-GMA共混体系的力学性能、热稳定性能的影响,并对共混体系的断裂机理进行了研究。结果表明,PLA-g-GMA的引入能够在一定程度上改善PLA与PPC的相容性。随着接枝物中GMA加入量的增加,共混物的冲击强度、断裂伸长率及拉伸强度均呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,并在接枝物中GMA加入量为3%时达到最大值。扫描电镜结果显示,PLA-g-GMA引入后共混物的韧性断裂特征越发显著,其冲击断裂方式由脆性断裂过渡为韧性断裂。热失重分析结果显示,加入PLA-g-GMA后共混物的起始分解温度和完全分解温度均有一定程度的提高。     

Synthesis and Properties of New Cleavable Cationic Surfactants Containing Carbonate Groups

A novel series of cleavable alkyltrimethylammonium surfactants with different hydrocarbon chain lengths (C8–16) were synthesized. A carbonate break site inserted between the polar head and the hydrocarbon chain makes these compounds hydrolyzable. The reagents used are renewable, (bio)degradable, or reusable. The hydrolysis of these cleavable surfactants will lead to the generation of fatty alcohols and choline, which is an essential biological nutrient. The surface activities in aqueous solution of the synthesized carbonates fulfill the requirement of being good surfactants. In addition, the cleavable compounds containing n-decyl and n-dodecyl chains showed similar or higher antimicrobial activities when compared to a non-cleavable analog.     

流量替代渗透率评价破碎性储层工作流体伤害程度

若地层岩石整体强度偏低,在力学环境改变后岩石易破碎成不规则破裂体,则储存油气资源的此类破碎地层被称为破碎性储层。由于破碎性储层在纵向上存在着较强的非均质性,通过测试单个柱塞岩样在工作流体伤害前后的渗透率变化难以体现工作流体对储层的整体伤害程度。为此,利用达西定律先从理论上探讨用流量替代渗透率定量表征储层伤害程度的可行性,再开展单层开采、双层及三层并采的流量测试实验,评价工作流体对单层、多层储层的整体伤害程度,并将流量损害率与渗透率损害率进行对比以求证流量替代渗透率的可行性。研究结果表明:①单层开采时,流量损害率与渗透率损害率基本一致,渗透率损害率是流量损害率的一种特殊形式;②双层及三层并采时,单层各自稳定流量损害率与渗透率损害率接近,且流量损害率可以定量表征并采储层的整体伤害程度,而渗透率损害率则无法定量表证;③稳定流量损害率较累积流量损害率更接近渗透率损害率。结论认为,测定稳定流量可以替代测定渗透率评价工作流体对破碎性储层的伤害程度,从而为优选工程技术与评价工作流体的适应性提供了方法依据。     

Investigation of the ultimate particle size distribution of a carbonate sand

A series of ring shear tests were conducted to investigate the ultimate particle size distribution of a carbonate sand. The tests were carried out under different stress levels, on three types of specimens: 1) uniformly graded specimens made of dry natural sand 2) remoulded specimens of the crushed sand after first shearing to large strains 3) specimens made of natural sand grains but with the same grading as in (2). The first series of tests on type (1), carried out to very large strains, led to apparently stable gradings, distinct for each stress level. Only limited additional particle breakage could be induced by remoulding the specimens after shearing (type (2)) and subjecting them to more shearing. Tests on specimens created at the apparently stable gradings (type (3)) but from the intact sand particles however led to significantly greater breakage. For the three types a stable, fractal grading was achieved. Analyses of the soil particles’ shape showed that the aspect ratio, sphericity and circularity reach a steady value at large strains, in parallel to reaching a stable grading. The mobilized angle of shearing resistance however was not significantly different in the different types of samples, suggesting the final grading dominates the behaviour.     

水封式水力旋流器的研究及应用

通过性能试验表明，带有底流水封的水力旋流器消除了中心气流柱，在相同的操作条件下，其分离效率及底流增浓效果，均优于普通的水力旋流器。另外，对Ｓｖａｒｏｖｓｋｙ的模型作了局部修正，建立了水封式水力旋流器的切割粒径、粒级效率及阻力的数学模型，计算结果与试验结果基本吻合。最后介绍了φ５０ｍｍ五管并联的水封式水力旋流器在碳酸钙生产工艺中的应用情况。     

聚合物/纳米CaCO3复合材料研究进展

综述了表面处理对聚合物／纳米CaCO3复合材料力学性能的影响、纳米CaCO3在聚合物基体中的分散机理和对聚合物结晶行为的影响，并展望了聚合物／纳米CaCO3复合材料的发展方向和前景。     

Low temperature water gas shift: Type and loading of metal impacts forward decomposition of pseudo-stabilized formate over metal/ceria catalysts

A similar degree of surface shell reduction of ceria was obtained for a series of metal/ceria catalysts. Surface formate species were generated by reaction of CO with bridging OH groups associated with the Ce³⁺ defects. Forward decomposition of the pseudo-stable formates was followed in flowing H₂O, leading to the production of surface carbonate species. The forward formate decomposition rate was enhanced changing the promoter from Au to Pt, and by increasing the promoter loading (from 0.5 to 2.5%). Results suggest that formate CH bond breaking is not only facilitated by H₂O, but it is further enhanced by type and loading of metal promoter. From earlier kinetic isotope effect and isotopic tracer studies, the rate-limiting step of the forward formate decomposition (WGS reaction) was considered to be associated with CH bond rupture of the formate. The results can explain the promotion in the WGS rates observed for these samples by changing from Au to Pt and by increasing the promoter loading.     

熔融碳酸盐燃料电池/燃气轮机混合装置发展现状

被誉为绿色能源的熔融碳酸盐燃料电池具有高效无污染的突出优点,是21世纪最有吸引力的发电方法之一.高品位的废热使得它可以和燃气轮机组成混合装置系统,从而大幅度地提高装置整体效率,在分布式发电领域具有十分重要的意义.本文介绍了燃料电池及混合装置的基本工作原理,并对燃料电池/燃气轮机混合装置的国内外的发展现状做了综合评述.     

Effects of Rheological Behavior of Viscoelastic Surfactants on Formation Damage in Carbonate Rocks

Viscoelastic surfactants (VES) are used in various oilfield applications such as matrix stimulation and enhanced oil recovery. The loss of surfactants during the propagation of VES could result in a significant reduction in the permeability of the rock (formation damage). The objective of the current work was to identify the effect of rheological behavior of the VES on the formation damage using core‐flooding experiments, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. A combination of core‐flooding, NMR, and SEM techniques was used to quantify and identify the location of formation damage in carbonate core samples. The viscosity and storage modulus strongly depend on the nature and concentration of salts. The viscosity increased by increasing the salt concentration up to a specific point (15 wt% CaCl₂) and then starts decreasing. The VES formulations that displayed the maximum and minimum viscosities were used to identify the impact of rheological behavior on formation damage. Core‐flooding experiments were performed to assess the formation damage due to high‐viscosity and low‐viscosity VES formulations. The reduction in the permeability of carbonate rocks reaches more than 90% of the initial permeability. It was found that low‐viscosity VES caused more damage compared with high‐viscosity VES when they were used at constant concentrations. NMR and core‐flooding results revealed that the damage took place both in pore body and pore throat. However, most of the surfactant was retained at the pore throat.