Stress-In-Motion (SIM) system for capturing tri-axial tyre–road interaction in the contact patch

A unique measuring system for the quantification of tri-axial (3-D) tyre contact force (or stress) distributions was designed, developed and used in several studies since 1994. The uniqueness of the system is defined by a textured measuring surface in order to represent a typical “textured” road surface. The system is referred to as the Stress-In-Motion (SIM) system. A single SIM measuring pad testing area comprises a total of 1020 supporting pins and a transverse array of 21 sensing elements, covering the entire tyre contact patch with in a single run. The SIM pad measuring system is modular in concept, allowing multiple SIM measuring pads to be used for e.g. wide base truck tyres, or a dual tyre configuration, or full axle measurements – using a quad SIM pad measuring system configuration. Tyre contact force (or stress) distributions are simultaneously captured in the three orthogonal directions X, Y and Z for a single, dual or full axle truck tyre configuration. Each of the sensing elements has a 9.7 mm diameter circular contact surface area (∼73.9 mm²) and is dimensionally optimised, allowing measurements in various tyre rolling conditions on a textured measuring surface. The textured surface induces some pre-conditioning of tyre–road contact properties, as it has small gaps around all supporting and measuring pins. The system is installed flush with the road surface, preferably on a rigid support base, and can be used for real tyre (or truck) rolling conditions. A single SIM measuring pad contains 63 strain measuring channels (3 × 21) for the sensing elements. Aspects such as SIM system design, sensing element calibration, system usage and outputs of specially developed software are illustrated. Several results of tri-axial road contact stress distributions are also presented.     

轮胎疲劳失效研究综述

轮胎寿命对车辆行驶安全性影响巨大,而轮胎失效方式主要是疲劳失效.针对轮胎的疲劳失效,综述国内外疲劳失效的几种研究方法的特点和应用状况,认为裂纹扩展方法为主要的研究方法;而在基于该方法的研究中,疲劳失效评价指标的合理确定,直接影响到轮胎疲劳寿命的评价;疲劳寿命预报的模型分析技术也是目前轮胎失效研究亟待解决的技术难题之一.通过对目前所使用的评价指标的相关文献和理论调查,指出采用断裂能指标对寿命的预测比其他指标更合理.在对比了目前用来建立疲劳寿命预报模型的分析技术后,指出基于裂纹扩展方法,结合考虑温度效应的断裂能评价指标,并采用EDT分析技术建立疲劳寿命预报模型,预测轮胎疲劳寿命,将是分析轮胎疲劳失效比较有效的途径.     

新型轮胎包装机的设计

为提高轮胎的包装质量,设计了采用透明热塑薄膜进行轮胎包装的轮胎包装机.文中介绍了轮胎包装机的工作原理、控制过程以及各机构的主要特点.     

横河PLC在轮胎硫化机中的应用

首先详细阐述了轮胎硫化机的工艺特点和控制要求，以及国内现行硫化机控制的一些常见问题，并对其进行了系统的分析。然后通过对横河FA-M3系列PLC的特点说明和分析，结合横河FA-M3系列PLC在轮胎硫化机中的实际应用，与现行PLC控制方式和效果进行了综合分析比较，从理论和实际两个方面深入剖析和论征了横河FA-M3系列PLC在轮胎硫化机控制上的特点，对国内现有轮胎硫化机控制具有很好的参考价值。     

回转窑托轮与轮带的接触应力及轮带的性能分析

用接触力学方法推导了托轮与轮带接触应力的计算公式，利用ANSYS的二次开发功能，开发了托轮与轮带的有限元建模程序，建立了回转窑托轮与轮带的有限元分析模型。应用接触力学和有限元方法对2号窑的托轮轮带的接触应力进行了计算，表明这两种方法都有较高的计算精度。有限元法计算结果表明：在滚动接触过程中，轮带应力呈复杂交变状态，在与托轮的接触区内，出现了明显的应力集中，这使接触面表层易出现楔状掉块、开裂等接触疲劳破坏；在轮带回转过程中，每一点的变形均呈现凹凸交变的复杂状态，从而迫使筒体的变形凹凸交变，严重时导致窑衬松动脱落。     

浅谈预分解窑的轮带间隙

预分解窑的轮带间隙不适当,将对生产带来严重的后果,必须采取—定的润滑和控制措施,使轮带间隙始终处于合理的范围之内。     

航空惯性试验台轮胎胎体温度自动测量装置研制

为了满足飞机机轮刹车、滚转试验后立即对轮胎胎体温度进行自动测量的需求,研制了一套轮胎胎体温度自动测量装置,将该装置安装在航空惯性试验台上的局部空间内,配合气压系统、电气系统、控制系统、采集系统驱动探针机构对轮胎胎冠、胎肩、胎侧等部位的胎体温度进行自动测量。设计了摆架结构以放大运动机构的运动轨迹,采用行程350 mm的气缸可适用于直径范围380~1 500 mm的机轮;此外,还设计了角度调整机构、探针箱、压轮机构、锁定机构、机轮带转机构等机构,能实现角度调整、装置防护、信号反馈、带转机轮等功能;在气压系统中设计了顺序动作与安全互锁回路,实现了机构顺序动作与设备安全保护,提高了试验效率,规避了试验风险。     

帘线钢线材表面质量分析

试验了国内外不同厂家生产的φ5.5 mm 0.72%～0.82%C帘线钢线材的表面质量。结果表明,多数 厂家的帘线钢线材表面无脱碳层,平均氧化层厚度≤7.7 μm,厚度波动≤1.13 μm,氧化层中Fe₃O₄,与FcO的含量相当,有利于去除氧化层;个别厂家线材脱碳层为0.05~0.10 mm,平均氧化层12.47 μm,厚度波动≤1.84 μm。     

Assessment of pyrolysis oil as an energy source for diesel engines

This paper describes an experimental study of using tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO) obtained from waste automobile tyres by vacuum pyrolysis method, as a fuel in diesel engine. In this work, performance and emission parameters of a single cylinder water cooled diesel engine running on TPO diesel reference fuel (RF) blends in steps of 20% on volume basis of TPO, viz. TPO20 up to TPO70 were used as fuels and the results compared with diesel operation. Results indicated that reliable operation can be achieved up to 70% of TPO diesel blends. Thermal efficiencies were lower compared to diesel operation. Higher smoke, HC and CO emissions were recorded in the experimentation. Oil sticking was occasionally found on the nozzle stem and sac. There was no corrosion in the injection system after running the engine with TPO–RF blends.     

Response surface methodology optimization applied to rubber tyre and plastic wastes thermal conversion

Thermal degradation was studied as a method to decompose mixtures of rubber tyre (RT) and different plastic wastes (PE, PP and PS) with the aim of producing a liquid fuel [1], as well as valuable chemical raw materials. An experimental set of runs was performed to establish the operational conditions that maximize liquid fraction production in a 1 litre batch reactor. Waste blends used were composed of 30% w/w RT and 70% w/w plastics (20% PE, 30% PP and 20% w/w PS). The complex hydrocarbon liquid mixture obtained during pyrolysis of these residues was highly dependent on experimental parameters, namely temperature, initial pressure and reaction time, which are the three most important factors affecting liquid yields. Regression analyses of experimental data were performed according to response surface methodology (RSM). As a result, experimental conditions optimized based on Factorial Design Methodology were 370 °C, 0.48 MPa for initial pressure and 15 min for reaction time. In order to validate the results obtained by the RSM model, three extra runs were conducted sequentially and average values were calculated and found to be: gas yield of 4.9% w/w, liquid yield of 81.3% w/w and solid yield of 12.7% w/w with an experimental deviation of 0.95%.