独山子焦化汽油单独加氢试验评价研究

采用一种加氢催化剂,以中国石油独山子石化分公司(独山子石化)焦化汽油为原料,开展焦化汽油单独加氢生产乙烯裂解原料石脑油的可行性试验研究,通过对反应温度、体积空速、氢油比的考察,确定了适宜条件:单独加氢时,温度290~295℃,体积空速为2.0~2.5 h~(-1),氢油比300,压力2.5 MPa;稀释后焦化汽油单独加氢时,温度280℃,体积空速为2.0~2.5 h~(-1),氢油比300,压力2.5 MPa,产品性质均能达到石脑油质量要求。由于催化剂易结焦,装置稳定运行受限,因此,该催化剂不适合双烯值较高的焦化汽油单独加氢,独山子石化焦化汽油也不适合单独加氢,掺炼更为适合。     

车用汽柴油中硫成分分析标准物质的研究进展

随着世界各国对环境问题的普遍重视,以及汽柴油标准的不断升级和油品质量检测技术的逐步完善,我国对低硫含量汽柴油标准物质的需求日趋迫切。油品中硫含量过高,大大降低了催化转换器中催化剂效率,增加了车辆污染物的排放量。含硫汽柴油标准物质的研制,是制定汽柴油国家强制标准的急需,是有效控制大气污染的急需,是保障交通安全的急需,对元素分析仪器的校准、汽柴油硫含量检测和定值等方面起到极其重要的作用。旨在通过对国内外车用汽柴油质量标准硫含量现状和发展趋势的分析,拟为汽柴油中硫元素标准物质的研制及快速准确地对汽柴油中硫含量的检测,提供必要依据和借鉴。     

High precision in-cylinder gas thermometry using Laser Induced Gratings: Quantitative measurement of evaporative cooling with gasoline/alcohol blends in a GDI optical engine

The first application of Laser Induced Thermal Gratings Spectroscopy (LITGS) for precision thermometry in a firing GDI optical engine is reported. Crank-angle resolved temperature values were derived from LITGS signals generated in fuel vapour with a pressure dependent precision in the range 0.1–1.0% allowing differences in evaporative or charge cooling effects arising from a variety of ethanol and methanol blends with a model gasoline fuel to be quantified. In addition, fluctuations in temperature arising from cyclic variations in compression were directly detected and measured.     

煤基SN级5W-30汽油机油行车试验研究

行车试验是全面评价汽油机油（润滑油）性能的重要方法。分别对自研煤基5W-30汽油机油和市售SN 5W-30汽油机油进行10 000 km行车试验研究，依据国家标准GB/T 8028—2010《汽油机油换油指标》对不同行驶里程下的旧油进行理化性能分析。结果表明：10 000 km行车试验后，2种汽油机油性能指标均未超过换油指标要求，仍有较大性能余量；相比市售SN 5W-30汽油机，自研煤基汽油机油行车试验后铁含量和酸值增加更小，碱值余量更大，表现出更优异的润滑性能、抗氧化性能、抗磨损性能和清洁分散性能。     

加氢催化剂RSDS-21/RSDS-22的器外再生和重生及应用

介绍中化弘润石油化工有限公司600 kt/a催化汽油加氢装置加氢催化剂RSDS-21,RSDS-22首次进行反应器外再生、重生及工业应用情况。经过器外烧炭再生及重生后,RSDS-21中碳质量分数由4.21%下降至0.52%,硫质量分数由5.60%下降至0.51%;RSDS-22中碳质量分数由4.90%下降至0.55%,硫质量分数由5.20%下降至0.84%,重生后催化剂颗粒完整。各项开工数据表明,经过硫化处理后,催化剂活性恢复较好,基本达到装置初次开工时催化剂活性水平,各项产品指标达到国标要求。反应在低温状态下进行,有利于降低产品汽油辛烷值损失,延长催化剂使用寿命。此次催化剂再生、重生效果较好,达到生产要求。     

Gasoline permeation resistance of the as‐blow‐molded and annealed polyethylene,polyethylene/polyamide,and polyethylene/modified polyamide bottles

An investigation of the gasoline permeation resistance of the as‐blow‐molded and annealed polyethylene, polyethylene (PE)/polyamide (PA), and polyethylene/modified polyamide (MPA) bottles is reported. The gasoline permeation resistance improves dramatically after blending PA and MPA barrier resins in PE matrices during blow‐molding, and the order of barrier improvement corresponds to the order of barrier improvement of the barrier resins added in PE. Somewhat unexpectedly, the gasoline permeation rates of the annealed PE and/or PE/PA bottles annealed at 90°C or higher temperatures increase significantly with the annealing temperature and time. On the contrary, the gasoline permeation resistance of the annealed PE/MPA bottles increase significantly as the annealing temperature and/or time increase. For instance, the gasoline permeation rate of the PE/MPA bottle annealed at 120°C for 32 h is about 190 times slower than that of the as‐blow‐molded PE bottle. Further investigations found that, after blending the MPA and PA barrier resins in PE matrices, the relatively nonpolar hydrocarbon components present in the gasoline fuels were significantly blocked, without permeation during the permeation tests, in which the as‐blow‐molded PE/MPA bottle inhibited the permeation of hydrocarbon components more successfully than did the as‐blow‐molded PE/PA bottle. In contrast, the amounts of polar components that permeated through the as‐blow‐molded PE/PA and PE/MPA bottles were very small and about the same as the amount that permeated through the as‐blow‐molded PE bottle. Possible mechanisms accounting for these interesting behaviors are proposed in this study. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2827–2837, 2001     

石化炼油企业烷基化酸渣和催化裂化汽油碱渣资源化利用技术研究

文章以“循环经济”思想理念为指导,以石化炼油企业危险废物汽油碱渣、酸渣无害化处理利用为目的,利用酸碱中和原理,用石化炼油企业所产生的烷基化酸渣中和催化裂化汽油碱渣,创新了炼油企业碱渣传统处理技术,解决了“硫酸中和法”腐蚀严重、工艺复杂、处理成本高的技术难题,并且得到了经济附加值较高的轻质油、饲料级硫酸钠和粗酚产品,真正体现了以废治废,废物资源化的新理念,为石油炼化企业催化裂化汽油碱渣、酸渣的无害化处理和回收利用提供了有益参考。     

Comparing alternative cellulosic biomass biorefining systems: Centralized versus distributed processing systems

This study explores how two different cellulosic ethanol production system configurations (distributed versus centralized processing) affect some aspects of the economic and environmental performance of cellulosic ethanol, measured as minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) and various environmental impact categories. The eco-efficiency indicator, which simultaneously accounts for economic and environmental features, is also calculated. The centralized configuration offers better economic performance for small-scale biorefineries, while the distributed configuration is economically superior for large-scale biorefineries. The MESP of the centralized configuration declines with increased biorefinery size up to a point and then rises due to the cost of trucking biomass to the biorefinery. In contrast, the MESP in the distributed configuration continuously declines with increasing biorefinery size due to the lower costs of railroad transportation and the greater economies of scale achieved at much larger biorefinery sizes, including biorefineries that reach the size of an average oil refinery—about 30,000 tons per day of feedstock. The centralized system yields lower environmental impacts for most impact categories than does the distributed system regardless of the biorefinery size. Eco-efficiency analysis shows that the centralized configuration is more sustainable for small-scale biorefineries, while the distributed configuration with railroad transport is more sustainable for large-scale biorefineries. Compared with gasoline from petroleum, cellulosic ethanol fuel offers sustainability advantages for the following environmental impact categories: fossil energy consumption, global warming, human health impacts by particulate matter, ozone layer depletion, ecotoxicity, human health cancer, and human health non-cancer, depending somewhat on the biorefinery sizes and the system configurations.     

GC-MS法测定汽油中的金属抗爆剂

采用GC-MS联用技术建立了一种汽油中金属抗爆剂的定性和定量分析方法,测定了汽油中四乙基铅、二茂铁、环戊二烯三羰基锰(CMT)和甲基环戊二烯三羰基锰(MMT)4种金属抗爆剂的含量。根据4种金属抗爆剂的标准质谱谱图和对汽油组分的GC-MS分析,选择了合适的特征定量离子进行选择离子扫描,可有效降低汽油中其他组分对测定结果的干扰。以氘代三联苯为内标物,采用内标法进行定量。实验结果表明,该方法对质量浓度在0.50~50.00 mg/L内的四乙基铅、二茂铁、CMT和MMT均具有良好的线性响应,线性相关系数均达到0.999,且具有很好的准确度和重复性,加标回收率在94.00%~110.00%之间,相对标准偏差均小于3.1%,可满足汽油中金属抗爆剂的测试要求。     

GARDES系列加氢催化剂在催化裂化汽油加氢补充脱硫装置的工业应用

在中国石油格尔木炼油厂25万t/a催化裂化汽油加氢补充脱硫装置上进行了GARDES系列加氢催化剂的工业应用。结果表明,在原料经过上游装置一次加氢后,硫含量为800μg/g、硫醇硫含量为35μg/g的情况下,其加氢补充脱硫产品硫含量可降低到60μg/g以下,硫醇硫含量降低到10μg/g以下,辛烷值损失小于4.5个单位,产品可达到汽油国Ⅳ指标要求。长周期运行结果显示,各反应器入口温度基本维持不变,床层温升稳定,表明GARDES系列催化剂具有很好的加氢脱硫活性与稳定性。