喷嘴湿气井两相流在线计量装置研究及应用

传统的湿气井计量大多采用分离法,存在工艺流程复杂、造价高昂、占地面积大等缺陷。研制了以喷嘴为节流元件的湿气井气液两相流在线计量装置。应用Fluent软件仿真模拟了单相气、单相液、气液两相流过装置的流动特性,计算了虚高系数,建立了气液两相含率在线计量模型。CFD研究及现场应用表明:该装置模型计量精度高,气相计量误差在5%以内,液相计量误差在8%以内。该装置结构简单,可以将温度、压力、差压、气流量、液流量集成在一个表头显示,可以异地重复使用,维护量少,降低计量设备安装与维护成本,满足气田开发工程计量的需要。     

基于离子液体的乙腈-乙醇-水共沸体系节能分离

乙腈生产过程中产生的乙腈-乙醇-水物系,由于在常压下产生了3种二元共沸物和1种三元共沸物,采取常规精馏无法对物系进行有效分离,因此基于COSMO-SAC理论对具有应用潜力的4种离子液体进行筛选,选定1,3-二甲基咪唑磷酸二甲酯([DMIM][DMP])作为分离乙腈-乙醇-水物系的适宜萃取剂,并利用σ-谱图对离子液体与该物系的作用机理进行分析;采用Aspen Plus软件建立了基于离子液体分离乙腈-乙醇-水物系的萃取精馏流程。以年度总费用(TAC)最低为优化目标,并将CO₂排放成本计入目标函数中进行流程优化。在此基础上,为了更有效节能,进一步设计优化了热泵精馏萃取分离流程。最终热泵精馏流程TAC比常规流程降低16.82%,CO₂排放费用减少了23.35%。     

钒对USY型分子筛的影响及氧化镧在钒捕集中的作用

模拟催化裂化高温水热再生环境,采用X射线衍射、N₂物理吸附、高分辨电子透射显微镜与NH₃-程序升温热脱附等方法,研究了重金属元素钒(V)对催化剂活性组分水热超稳Y型分子筛(USY型分子筛)的破坏行为;在此基础上,研究了稀土氧化物氧化镧(La₂O₃)对重金属V的捕集作用。结果表明：当分子筛负载较高质量分数的V时,分子筛的晶体结构遭到严重破坏;与未负载V的催化剂相比,负载质量分数为0.5%的催化剂,转化率降低了16.3个百分点,目标产物(液化气和汽油)收率显著降低,副产物干气、焦炭收率大幅增加;向模型催化剂中添加La₂O₃可以提高催化剂的重金属V捕集能力,在V负载质量分数为0.6%的情况下,含有La₂O₃的模型催化剂的原料油转化率和目标产物收率大幅增加。     

Separation of propylene and propane with a microporous metal–organic framework via equilibrium-kinetic synergetic effect

Adsorption separation of olefin and paraffin can greatly lower the energy consumption associated with the currently utilized distillation technique but remains a great challenge. Herein, we report the efficient separation of propylene (C₃H₆) and propane (C₃H₈) in a phosphate anion-functionalized metal–organic framework (MOF) ZnAtzPO₄ by synergetic effect of equilibrium and kinetics. The material features periodically expanded and contracted apertures decorated with electronegative groups, offering eligible pore shape and pore chemistry to effectively trap C₃H₆ under moderate isosteric heat of adsorption (27.5 kJ mol⁻¹) while obstruct the diffusion of C₃H₈. It simultaneously combines excellent thermodynamic selectivity (uptake ratio of 1.71) and kinetic selectivity (~31) for C₃H₆/C₃H₈ separation, meanwhile can be easily regenerated. Breakthrough experiment for C₃H₆/C₃H₈ gas mixture was conducted and confirmed the outstanding separation capability of ZnAtzPO₄. The equilibrium and kinetics cooperative C₃H₆/C₃H₈ adsorption separation was for the first time found in anion-functionalized MOFs, and further confirmed by computational studies.     

High efficient separation of olefin from fluid catalytic cracking naphtha: Separation mechanism and universal simulation method

The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) naphtha critical component-oriented separation process is an efficient method to produce ultra-low-sulfur (<10 μg/g) gasoline with minimal loss of octane number (<1 RON). However, the product quality is highly dependent on the structure of the components of FCC naphtha. Aromatics and thiophene sulfides without a methyl side chain favor the separation of olefin. The major impulse of olefin separation is the solvent-induced dipole of aromatics or thiophene sulfides, leading to a “Plane-to-Plane” combination between the solvent and aromatics or thiophene sulfides, accompanied by a steric hindrance due to their side chains. This condition resulted in 2–3 times greater θ of benzene and thiophene compared with that of toluene and 3-methylthiophene. In addition, an improved non-random two-liquid model was proposed based on the above results, and a simulation method for FCC naphtha solvent extraction process was established. The calculation results accorded well with industry data.     

Turbulence damping above the cloud height in suspensions of concentrated slurries in stirred tanks

Poor mixing in the clear liquid layer above the cloud height has been reported by several authors. This study uses LDV measurements to quantify turbulence above the cloud using a liquid level of 1.5 T to remove the barrier of a free surface at H = T. A D = T/3, down-pumping PBT was used at an off-bottom clearance of C = T/3. Three slurries were tested at impeller speeds 0.8, 1, and 1.2N_js. The change in turbulence was quantified using the normalized root mean square (RMS) of the fluctuating velocity summed and averaged over each radial traverse. A significant difference between the fluctuating values of the cloud height—minimum, average, and maximum—was observed. The turbulence decays until the maximum cloud height. Beyond that, it remains constant and near zero. The effects of both particle size and solids concentration prove to be important.     

Mechanism for clogging of microchannels by small particles with liquid cohesion

We numerically investigate the effect of liquid cohesion on the clogging of microchannels induced by small wet particles. The computer simulation is performed by the discrete element method (DEM) with cohesive contact models in presence of pendular liquid bridges, which is embedded into the computational fluid dynamics (CFD). We find that liquid cohesion significantly promotes particle deposition and agglomerate growth. A clogging phase diagram, in the form of Weber number and Stokes number, is constructed to quantify the clogging-nonclogging transition. The competition between particle–particle and particle–fluid interactions is quantitatively discussed in terms of particle velocity and slip velocity. Strong cohesion can address a greater slip velocity or drag between particles and fluid, which depresses the resuspension of deposited particles and results in clogging. Finally, we compare our results with clogging induced by van der Waals adhesion of small dry particles and find that the competence of liquid cohesion is more prominent.     

Application of thermal ultrasound-assisted liquid–liquid micro-extraction coupled with HPLC-UV for rapid determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants in edible oils

A simple, fast, and reliable liquid–liquid micro-extraction (LLME) method assisted by thermal ultrasound approach was developed for simultaneous determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) in edible oils by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV). The synthetic antioxidants were propyl gallate (PG), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), and butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT). The best extraction conditions were observed were methanol/acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) as the solvent, ultrasound at 4 min, and a temperature of 40°C. The linearity of the calibration curves for the optimum conditions were R² > 0.989 for all of the SPAs in a range from 1–200 μg ml⁻¹. Relative standard deviation (RSD %) for five analysis was in range of 2.83% to 4.21%. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were obtained in range of 0.012–0.06 and 0.04–0.2 μg g⁻¹, respectively. With regard to recovery, a range of 91%–116% was calculated for the spiked edible oils.     

Production of NiO,NiO/Ag,NiO/Au,and NiO/Pt hollow spheres by using block copolymer stabilized microspheres as a template

Hollow spheres of nickel oxide (NiO) and silver, gold, and platinum nanoparticle loaded NiO composites were successfully produced by using polystyrene (PS) latexes as hard template. Due to the presence of tertiary amine based diblock copolymer stabilizer on the surface of PS, the tertiary amine functional groups provided homogene deposition of nickel hydroxide, and then the precursor NiO salt production on the surface of PS latexes with a controlled precipitation technique. Then, NiO and NiO/metal NP hollow spheres were produced by calcination at 600 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the amounts of NiO and NiO-composite after calcination were in the range of 21.1–29.7 wt%. The diameters of metal oxide spheres were in the range of 2.0–2.7 μm and the shell thickness were in the range of 250–350 nm. These structures had very low densities due to their porous and hollow structures and had outer layers with highly rough surfaces due to formation of nanosheets, which may offer important advantages for catalysis studies.     

Highly anisotropic thermal conductivity of mesogenic epoxy resin film through orientation control

To develop insulating materials with a high thermally conductive anisotropy, planarly aligned mesogenic epoxy (ME) resin film was fabricated by uniaxial coating on a hydrophobic polyethylene terephthalate substrate. Grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and transmission SAXS measurements exhibited that the films spontaneously formed uniaxially aligned monodomain-like smectic structures by curing on the hydrophobic substrate. Then, an in- and out-of-plane thermal conductivity of 10 and 0.048 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ and outstanding thermal conductivity anisotropy of 208 have been confirmed, respectively. The ME resin films with high thermal conductivity can be applied as insulating materials for multiple-layer electrical and electronic devices.