基于裂缝柔度和地应力模型的声电测井正、反演方法及应用

电阻率成像探测深度通常为几厘米,超声波成像数据也只能提供井壁的声幅或到时图像。因此,很难评估井壁张开裂缝在地层中的分布情况。声波测井一般应用弹性各向异性表征地应力场和裂缝特性等,通常岩石的固有各向异性、高角度地层层面、裂缝或不平衡应力挤压等都可以导致弹性波表观各向异性,因此往往难以判断各向异性的成因。前人针对单一方位二维裂缝模型进行了声波正演模拟,但不适用于井筒含多组任意方位裂缝介质的弹性波模拟。为此,首先拾取井壁成像测井中导致声波表观各向异性的三类结构特征(天然裂缝、层面缝(或薄层)和钻井应力诱导缝)信息,同时定量化层理结构信息(如倾向、方位等),并将裂缝分层、分组;然后从声波全波列中提取地层的快、慢横波慢度及各向异性方位;接着在岩石和裂缝信息井壁成像建模基础上,通过裂缝附加柔度模型、层面伪裂缝模型和非线性应力场弹性波动理论正演模拟岩石的声波属性;最后通过对比声波速度及各向异性方位等信息的模型预测结果与实测结果,利用最小误差拟合反演确定井壁图像表征的裂缝类型与各向异性的成因,并对比、分析了频散曲线特征。将所提方法应用于花岗岩潜山裂缝型气田生产测试井以验证方法合理性,实际模拟结果表明：...     

华池—南梁油田长8油藏高阻水层解释方法

鄂尔多斯盆地华池—南梁油田长8油藏存在高阻水层,油水层对比度低,油层识别难度大。为提高油层判识率,以大量测井、录井资料和岩石物理实验为基础,确定油藏水层高阻的主控因素。根据不同类型高阻水层测井响应特征,利用中子、密度和声波时差测井数据,评价孔隙结构,识别复杂孔隙结构型高阻水层;利用中子—密度曲线交会特征进行电性因子校正,扩大油水流体特征,有效识别复杂润湿型高阻水层。通过对不同主控因素高阻水层测井响应特征研究,采用相应测井技术方法有效识别,提高图版油水特征值的准确度和测井解释符合率。     

基于RSV工艺装置提高乙烷收率的工艺技术北大核心CSCD

目的为研究大型天然气深冷工艺装置因膨胀机未投运、关键工艺参数未及时优化调整造成脱甲烷塔操作难度大等导致装置乙烷收率降低等问题,现采用适时投运膨胀机、优化液烃回收装置关键工艺参数等措施开展提高乙烷收率的工艺技术研究。方法基于Aspen HYSYS软件建立装置工艺计算模型,对比分析低温分离器温度、回流贫气和过冷原料气流量及温度等关键设计运行参数对提高乙烷收率的影响,考查上述关键工艺参数对装置乙烷收率的效果。结果经现场验证得出结论,低温分离器温度优化为-68.8~-68.0℃,回流贫气流量和温度分别调整为(7.38~7.60)×10^(4) m^(3)/h、-101.45~-100.05℃,过冷原料气流量和温度分别调整为(7.45~7.63)×10^(4) m^(3)/h、-101.48~-100.45℃,装置实现液烃产品年增产17.56×10^(4) t。结论该项目的应用可实现装置乙烷平均收率由30%提高至90%以上,每年可以获得较高的经济效益,具有较大的推广价值。     

稀土离子交换工艺对气相超稳Y分子筛性能的影响

分别采用2种稀土离子交换工艺(直接交换工艺和先水洗再交换工艺)对气相超稳Y分子筛进行改性,考察了2种工艺对制备的分子筛性能的影响,并对2种工艺的机理进行了分析。结果表明：采用直接交换工艺制备的气相超稳Y分子筛,稀土质量分数较低,且随着加入稀土质量分数的增加,稀土利用率呈下降趋势;采用先水洗再交换工艺制得的气相超稳Y分子筛,在加入稀土的质量分数为2%,4%时,稀土利用率达到97%以上,随着加入稀土质量分数的增加,分子筛中Na₂O的质量分数呈下降趋势,Na₂O质量分数低于1.5%,符合催化裂化催化剂的制备需求;与直接交换法相比,采用先水洗再交换工艺制得的分子筛,稀土质量分数和稀土利用率较高,分子筛中Na₂O质量分数更低,说明先水洗再交换工艺离子交换效果更佳。     

Extension-dominated improved dispersive mixing in single-screw extrusion. Part 2: Comparative analysis with twin-screw extruder

In Part 1 of this work, the possibility of improving single-screw extruders (SSE) better dispersive mixer was explored by harnessing extensional flows provided by the hyperbolic contracting–diverging channels of extensional mixing elements (EME). Addition of the EME to the pin screw generated enhanced breakup for polymer blends and nanocomposite systems without significant penalty in flow rate. In Part 2, experiments are performed on immiscible polymer blends (low-viscosity ratio and high-viscosity ratio) and nanocomposites on both SSE and twin-screw extruder (TSE) with the same rotation speed and throughput. Morphological results show tremendous improvement in dispersive mixing capability of SSE when equipped with EME that are mainly comparable to conventional TSE that is, with kneading blocks as mixing sections, although not as good as TSEs equipped with EMEs. Mechanical results also show enhanced modulus when EME is used in SSE operations.     

Mechanical and viscoelastic properties of polyethylene-based microfibrillated composites from 100% recycled resources

In this study, recycled polyethylene (rPE) based microfibrillated composites (MFCs) were developed while incorporating recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) and recycled polyamide 6 (rPA) as the reinforcing fibrillar phases at a given weight ratio of 80 wt% (rPE)/20 wt% (rPET or rPA). The blends were first melt processed using a twin-screw extruder. The extrudates were then cold stretched at a drawing ratio of 2.5 to form rPET and rPA fibrillar structures. Next, the pelletized drawn samples were injection molded at the barrel temperatures below the melting temperatures of rPET and rPA. The tensile, three-point bending, impact strength, dynamic thermomechanical, and rheological properties of the fabricated MFCs were analyzed. The effects of injection molding barrel temperature (i.e., 150°C and 190°C) and extrusion melt processing temperature (i.e., 250°C and 275°C) on the generated fibrillar structure and the resultant properties were explored. A strong correlation between the fibrillar morphology and the mechanical properties with the extrusion and injection molding temperatures was observed. Moreover, the ethylene/n-butyl acrylate/glycidyl methacrylate (EnBAGMA) terpolymer and maleic anhydride grafted PE (MAH-g-PE) were, respectively, melt processed with rPE/rPET and rPE/rPA6 blends as compatibilizers. The compatibilizers refined the fibrillar structure and remarkably influenced mechanical properties, specifically the impact strength.     

Poly (vinyl alcohol)/polylactic acid blend film with enhanced processability,compatibility, and mechanical property fabricated via melt processing

Poly (vinyl alcohol)/polylactic acid (PVA/PLA) blend film, which is environment friendly and has potential applications in food and electronic packaging fields, was fabricated by melt extrusion casting. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the formation of the hydrogen bonding between PLA and PVA, which improved the compatibility of PLA with PVA, making PLA uniformly dispersed in PVA matrix as small spheres, even when PLA content increase to 15 wt%. In this way, the original hydrogen bond network among PVA was disturbed and the chain mobility of PVA was activated, endowing PVA/PLA blends with lower melt viscosity than bot modified PVA and PLA, and the blend films with the increased crystallinity, mechanical property, and water resistance. Compared with PVA film, the crystallinity, tensile strength and Young's modulus of the blend film with 15 wt% PLA, respectively, increased by 15.1%, 9 and 51 MPa, and the water contact angle enlarged from 23° to 60°.     

A study on melt recycling of bio-based polypropylene/thermoplastic starch compound

The compulsion to use bioplastics has increased significantly today. One of the important aspects of plastics is their recyclability. Therefore, the important question of this research is that although bio-based compounds containing starch are sensitive to thermal-mechanical recycling processes, are such products thermally recyclable? To answer the question, polypropylene (PP)/thermoplastic starch (TPS) compound granules were extruded up to five times, and in the other part, single-extruded granules were blended at different ratios with virgin granules by extrusion. In order to characterize these samples, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, rotational disc rheometry, tensile properties, and appearance evaluation were used. The results showed that it is possible to recycle PP/TPS granules up to four times repetition of the extrusion operation and the fifth repetition also showed slight changes. There was also a blend of single-extruded granules with virgin material up to a 50:50% composition without significant variation.     

Melt extrusion and blow molding parts-per-million POSS interspersed the macromolecular network and simultaneously enhanced thermomechanical and barrier properties of polyolefin films

There has been the expectation that polymers filled with small concentrations of nanosized particles will exhibit superior thermomechanical properties. We demonstrate that dispersing parts-per-million (ppm) polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanochemicals by melt extrusion with polyolefins increased the tensile Young's modulus, yield stress, and toughness of blow molded and extruded films without penalizing extensibility, which is common to polymers reinforced with nano/microparticles. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the key to mechanical reinforcement is the spatial distribution of POSS at ca. single nanocage thus enabling interspersion of the macromolecular network. The thermal stability, water contact angle, and oxygen transmission of the films were also enhanced enabling a single component food package capable to keep food without decay for two weeks. The physical properties are improved when the nanoparticle size <D> is about the size of the virtual tube diameter d_t, that is, <D>/d_t ≈ 1. The enhancement of physical properties by placing the nanoparticle in the free space of the molecular network is a new paradigm in engineering polymer nanocomposites and opens opportunities for recyclable single component packaging films and tunable lightweight engineering and biomimetic materials.     

Viscoelastic properties and flow instabilities of aqueous suspensions of cellulosic fibers: Effects of a gelation agent on dispersion,rheology, and flow stability

Processing of concentrated lignocellulosic biomass suspensions typically involves the conversion of the cellulose into sugars and sugars into ethanol. Biomass is usually pretreated via methods like comminution or steam explosion to form fine cellulosic fibers to be dispersed into an aqueous phase for further treatment. The resulting cellulose suspensions need to be pressurized and pumped into and out of various processing vessels without allowing the development of flow instabilities that are typically associated with “demixing”, that is, the segregation of the cellulosic biomass from the aqueous phase via the formation of mats of cellulosic fibers and the filtration of the aqueous phase. Such demixing can prevent continuous processing at high rates. Here, the development of flow instabilities via the demixing effect for cellulose suspensions is demonstrated using capillary and compressive squeeze flows. It is shown that the use of a gelation agent, hydroxypropyl guar gum, at the critical concentration of 0.5 wt% or higher significantly affects the viscoelastic material functions of cellulosic suspensions, improves the dispersive mixing of the fibers within the aqueous phase, and results in the elimination of the flow instabilities and associated demixing effects that are ubiquitously observed during the pressurization and processing of cellulosic suspensions.